2

Lecturer:
Qurratul Aini

Individual Behavior, Values,

and Personality
McGraw-Hill/Irwin 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
 MARS Model of Individual Behavior

Role
Perceptions
Values
Personality Motivation
Individual
Perceptions Behavior
Emotions and Results
Ability
Attitudes
Stress Situational
Factors

McShane/Von Glinow OB4e Slide 2-2 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Example

An enthusiastic salespeople (motivation) who understand

his or her job duties (role perceptions) and has sufficient
resources (situational factor) will not perform his or her
jobs as well if they lack sufficient knowledge and sales
skill (ability)

McShane/Von Glinow OB4e Slide 2-3 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Employee Motivation

Internal forces that affect a persons voluntary

choice of behavior. Motivational elements are:
direction
intensity
persistence

R
M
BAR
A S

McShane/Von Glinow OB4e Slide 2-4 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Employee Ability
Natural aptitudes (natural talents) and learned capabilities (skills
and knowledge) required to successfully complete a task
competencies personal characteristics that lead to superior
performance
person job matching
selecting the best
training & developing
redesigning jobs

R
M
BAR
A S

McShane/Von Glinow OB4e Slide 2-5 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Employee Role Perceptions

Beliefs about what behavior is required to

achieve the desired results:
understanding what tasks to perform
understanding relative importance of tasks
understanding preferred
behaviors to accomplish tasks

R
M
BAR
A S

McShane/Von Glinow OB4e Slide 2-6 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Situational Factors
Environmental conditions beyond the
individuals short-term control that constrain or
facilitate behavior. Controllable factors are:
time
people
budget
work facilities
R
M
BAR
A S

McShane/Von Glinow OB4e Slide 2-7 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Types of Behavior in Organizations

Task Goal-directed behaviours under

Performance persons control

Organizational Performance beyond the required

Citizenship job duties

more

McShane/Von Glinow OB4e Slide 2-8 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Types of Behavior in Organizations

Counterproductive Voluntary behaviour that

Work Behaviours potentially harms the organization

Joining/staying
Goal-directed behaviours under
with the
persons control
Organization

Maintaining Work
Attending work at required times
Attendance

McShane/Von Glinow OB4e Slide 2-9 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Values in the Workplace

Values are stable, evaluative beliefs that guide our

preferences for outcomes. A value is a principle, a
standard, or a quality considered worthwhile or
desirable.
They define the right or wrong, good or bad
Value system -- hierarchy of values
Espoused vs. Enacted values:
Espoused -- the values we say we use and often think we
use
Enacted -- values we actually rely on to guide our decisions
and actions

McShane/Von Glinow OB4e Slide 2-10 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Three Categories of Values

Personal values define who an individual is. They serve

as guides in handling situations and interacting with
others.
Organizational values are the standards that guide an
individual's behavior in a professional context. They
define how an individual accomplishes work, interacts in
professional situations, and how he makes decisions
relative to his job/career.
Cultural values are standards that guide how a person
relates meaningfully to others in different social
situations.

McShane/Von Glinow OB4e Slide 2-11 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Defining Personality

Relatively stable pattern of behaviors

and consistent internal states that
explain a person's behavioral
tendencies

McShane/Von Glinow OB4e Slide 2-12 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Big Five Personality Dimensions

Conscientiousness Careful, dependable, self-disciplined

Agreeableness Courteous, caring, good-natured

Neuroticism Anxious, hostile, depressed

Openness to Experience Sensitive, flexible, creative, curious

Extroversion Outgoing, talkative, sociable, assertive

McShane/Von Glinow OB4e Slide 2-13 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Extroversion vs. Introversion

Sensing vs. Intuition

Thinking vs. Feeling

Judging vs. Perceiving

McShane/Von Glinow OB4e Slide 2-14 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.