TKM-307

Termodinamika Teknik Kimia I

6 Production of Power from Heat &

Refrigeration
 The Steam Power Plant: Rankine
Cycle

T
Qin Boiler Turbine Ws P3

P2 = P3 3
4 P4
2 2
1
1 Condenser Qout P1 = P4 4

Pump
S

The processes:
> 1 2 Reversible adiabatic pumping
> 2 3 Isobaric heating & evaporation
> 3 4 Reversible adiabatic expansion red: irreversible
> 4 1 Constant pressure,constant temperature ondensation
 Problem 8.4

Steam enters the turbine of a power plant operating

on the Rankine cycle at 3300 kPa and exhausts at
50 kPa. To show the effect of superheating on the
performance of the cycle, calculate the thermal
efficiency of the cycle and the quality of the
exhaust steam from the turbine for turbine-inlet
steam temperature of 450, 550, and 650 oC.
Pump efficiency = 85%
Turbine efficiency = 80%
Sketch the process in a T-S and a P-H diagram
 Problem 8.11
A power plant operating on heat from a geothermal source uses
isobutane as the working medium in a Rankine cycle. Isobutane is
heated at 3400 kPa (a pressure just a little below its critical
pressure) to a temperature of 140oC, at which conditions it enters
the turbine. Isentropic expansion in the turbine produces
superheated vapor at 450 kPa, which is cooled and condensed to
saturated liquid and pumped to the heater/boiler. If the flow rate of
isobutane is 75 kg/s, what is the power output of the cycle and
what are the heat transfer rates in the heater/boiler and
cooler/condenser? What is the thermal efficiency if the cycle?

The turbine and the pump have an efficiency of 80%.

The vapor pressure of isobutane: ln Psat / kPa 14,57100 2606,775
t / o C 274,068
 9

Suatu steam power plant beroperasi berdasar siklus Rankine tidak

ideal. Kondisi opeasi steam power plant tersebut, adalah
sebagai berikut: boiler bekerja pada tekanan konstan 1015
psia dengan temperatur uap air yang dihasilkan 1022 oF
kondenser juga bekerja secara isobar pada 2,9 psia,
sedangkan turbin dan pompa bekerja secara adiabatik
dengan efisiensi masing-masing sebesar 75%. Dengan
kondisi operasi demikian, daya yang mampu dihasilkan
adalah 100 MW.
Evaluasi kondisi steam keluar turbin!
Hitung laju steam yang dibutuhkan (dalam kg/jam)!
Hitung laju transfer panas di boiler dan condenser!
Hitung efisiensi termal dari plant tersebut!
Gambarkan siklus yang dialami oleh uap air pada plant tersebut
dalam diagram T-S dan dalam diagram P-H.
The Steam Power Plant
Internal Combustion Engine:
The Otto Cycle The Gasoline Engine
VC
compressio n ratio : rc
VD
6-8

The processes:
> 0 1 Intake at constant pressure
> 1 2 Adiabatic compression of fuel/oil mixture
> 2 3 Ignition: rapid combustion at constant volume
> 3 4 Adiabatic expansion of combustion products
> 4 1 Constant volume air rejection
 Example 4.20

Consider an air-standard Otto cycle operating on 5

kg of air with inlet conditions of 80 kPa & 37oC. A
compression ratio of 10 is used and 500 kJ of heat
is added during ignition.
Determine Q, W, P, & T for each step of the
process and the overall efficiency of the process.

=1.4
CV=20.93 J/mol.K
 Problem 4.24

An air-standard Otto cycle operates with a

compression ratio of 8, inlet conditions of 60oF &
14.7 psia, and a heat addition of 1200 Btu/lb air.
The fuel and air in stoichiometric proportions gives
off 1200 Btu/lb of mixture on combustion.

Determine the thermal efficiency of the cycle and the

maximum temperature & pressure in the cycle.
 10

Suatu siklus Otto udara-ideal menyerap panas

sebesar 1500 J/mol dari panas hasil
pembakaran bahan bakar. Tekanan dan
temperatur awal kompresi adalah 1 bar dan 30
oC, dan tekanan pada akhir langkah kompresi
adalah 5 bar. Asumsikan udara sebagai gas
ideal dengan tetapan Laplace, = 1,4.
Berdasarkan uraian proses siklus Otto di atas:
a.Hitung efisiensi termal mesin Otto tersebut
b. Tentukan rasio kompresi (rC) siklus Otto
udara-ideal tersebut!
 Internal Combustion Engine:
Diesel Engine
The diesel engine differs from
the Otto engine primarily in
that the temperature at the end
of compression is sufficiently
high that the combustion is
initiated spontaneously.

For the same compression

ratio, the Otto engine has a
higher efficiency. The diesel V
compressio n ratio : rc C 13 - 17
engine operates at higher VD
compression ratio, and VB
consequently higher efficiency. exp ansion ratio : re
VA
 Problem 4.25

An air-standard Diesel cycle operates at a

compression ratio of 14, inlet conditions of 60oF &
14.7 psia, and a maximum temperature of 2000 R.

Determine the thermal efficiency of the cycle.

 Problem 8.13

An air-standard Diesel cycle absorbs 1500 J/mol of

heat. The pressure & temperature at the
beginning of the compression step are 1 bar &
20oC, and the pressure at the end of the
compression step is 4 bar.

Assuming air to be ideal gas for which Cp = 7/2 R

and Cv = 5/2 R, what are the compression ratio
and the expansion ratio of the cycle?
 11

Suatu mesin diesel bekerja berdasar siklus Diesel

udara-ideal menyerap panas sebesar 1500 J/mol
dari panas hasil pembakaran bahan bakar.
Tekanan dan temperatur awal kompresi adalah 1
bar dan 30 oC, dan tekanan pada akhir langkah
kompresi adalah 5 bar. Asumsikan udara sebagai
gas ideal dengan tetapan Laplace, = 1,4.
a. Hitung efisiensi siklus (dalam %)!
b. Tentukan rasio kompresi (rC) dan rasio
ekspansi (re) siklus Diesel udara-ideal tersebut!
 Brayton Cycle The Gas Turbine

The advantages of internal combustion engine &

turbine are combined in the gas turbine system.
 Problem 4.26

An air-standard Brayton cycle operates at pressure

ratio of 4 across the compressor with inlet air
entering the compressor at 60oF & 14.7 psia.
The maximum cycle temperature is 2000 R and
1200 lb/min of air flows through the cycle.

Determine the work of the compressor, the work of

the turbine, ant the thermal efficiency of the cycle.
 Example 2.4

Consider a simple gas turbine system with air entering the

compressor at 14.7 psia, 60 F and exhausting at 150 psia.
The maximum cycle temperature is 2000 F at the turbine
inlet.

Calculate the cycle efficiency and net work per pound of air,
using:
Compressor internal efficiency 0.85
Turbine internal efficiency 0.88
Average constant pressure specific heat 0.25 Btu/lb.R
Specific heat ratio 1.4
 Refrigeration The Reverse Heat
Engine
Refrigeration implies the maintenance of a low temperature
below that of the surroundings. This requires continuous
absorption of heat at a low temperature level.
Refrigeration is best known for its use in the air conditioning of
buildings and in the treatment, transportation, and
preservation of foods and beverages.
It is also finds large-scale industrial application, viz. in the
manufacture of ice and the dehydration of gases. Application
in petroleum industry include lubricating oil purification, low-
temperature reactions, and separation of volatile
hydrocarbons. A closely related process is gas liquifaction,
which has important commercial applications.
 Refrigeration The Reverse Heat
Engine
The coefficient of performance:
heat absorbed at the lower temp erature QC QC
COP
net work W Q H QC
 Refrigeration The Vapor Compression
Cycle

The coefficient of performance:

heat absorbed at the lower temp erature Q C H 2 H1
COP
net work W H3 H 4
 Refrigeration The Vapor Compression
Cycle

The coefficient of performance:

heat absorbed at the lower temp erature Q C H 2 H1

COP
net work W H3 H 4
Property of
HFC-134a = CF3CH2F
Pressure Entalphi Diagram of HFC-134a = CF3CH2F
 Choice of Refrigerant

The irreversibilities inherent in the vapor-compression cycle

cause the COP of practical refrigerators to depend to some
extent on the refrigerant.
Characteristics such as toxicity, flammability, cost, corrosion
properties, and vapor pressure in relation to temperature are
of great importance in the choice of refrigerant.
In order that air cannot leak into the refrigeration system, the
vapor pressure of refrigerant at the evaporation temperature
TC should be greater than atmospheric pressure.
On the other hand, the vapor pressure at the condenser
temperature TH = TS should not be unduly high because of the
expensive high pressure equipment.
 The Most Common Refrigerant

CFC-11 : CCl3F
CFC-12 : CCl2F2

HCFC-123 : CHCl2CF3

HFC-134a : CF3CH2F
HFC-125 : CHF2CF3
Two Stage
Refrigeration
 Example 9.1

A refrigerated space is maintained at 10oF, and

cooling water is available at 70oF. Refrigeration
capacity is 120000 Btu/hr. The evaporator &
condenser are of sufficient size that a 10oF
minimum-temperature difference for heat transfer
can be realized in each. The refrigerant is HFC-
134a.

a. What is the value of COP for a Carnot

refrigerator?
b. Calculate COP and the rate of circulation of
 11

Sebuah sistem refrijerasi menggunakan metana sebagai refrijeran

dengan laju alir 1000 kg/jam. Metana berupa cair jenuh memasuki
JT valve, diekspansikan secara isentalpi sampai tekanannya
menjadi 0,8 MPa. Metana uap jenuh dikompresi secara adiabatik-
ireversibel dalam sebuah kompresor sehingga diperoleh kondisi 3,5
MPa dan 240 K. Sedangkan penguapan, desuperheating dan
pengembunan berlangsung pada tekanan konstan. Dari deskripsi
sistem refrijerasi di atas:
Gambarkan siklus refrijeran dalam diagram P-H metana!
Hitung efisiensi kompresor (dalam %)!
Daya kompresi yang dibutuhkan (dalam kW)!
Tentukan COP siklus tersebut!
Hitung kapasitas refrijerasi (dalam ton-refrijerasi)!
Tentukan kualitas uap (dalam %) dan temperature (dalam oC) uap metan
meninggalkan JT valve!