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Mathematical Analysis

Short Dipole or Infinitesimal dipole or current element


Half wave Dipole (HWD)
Quarter wave monopole (Same as that of (HWD))
Loop antenna
Theory and Construction
Slot antenna
Horn and variants
Long wire, V Rhombic
Yagi Uda array
Turnstile
Helical , Biconical , log periodic, spiral, microstrip
Steps to be followed in determing the
Radiation fields:
1.Choose an appropriate coordinate system
2.Determine the Magnetic vector potential A
3.Find H from maxwells equation Curl of A=B
4.Determine E from maxwells equation
5.Determine Far field terms
6.Find RPD, RP, D
infinitesimal linear wire (l << ) is
positioned symmetrically
( is very thin (a<< ).

I(z ) = azI0 dl coswt


where I0 = constant.
We know that r
J (t )
v dv
A(r , t )
4 Vol r

J .ds I dv ds.dl
s

r r
J (t ) I (t )dl
v v
ds.dl
4 L s r 4 L r
but I I o dlCoswt
r
I o dl cos w(t )dl
v r
(t t )
'

4 r v
The component of A is az component then A z is given by
rt
I o dl cos( wt )
v
Az
4 r
r
I o dl cos w(t )
v
A az ....(1)
4 r
Transformation rectangular to spherical coordinate system

Since Ax =0 and Ay=0


Ar AZ Cos
A AZ Sin
A 0
But

* A B; * A H
1
H ( * A)

ar ra r sin a
1
* A 2
r sin r
Ar rA 0

Ar AZ Cos
A AZ Sin
1
2 [ar [ (0) rA ]
r sin

ra [ (0) Ar ]
r

r sin a [ (rA ) Ar ]]
r
r ( A sin ) 0

z


( Az cos ) 0

r sin
2 [ r ( Az sin ) Az cos ]a
r sin r
r
I o dl cos (t )
sub AZ v
4r
1
H rA Ar
r r
1
H r ( Az sin ) Az cos
r r
r
I o dl cos (t )
sub Az v
4r
1
H rA Ar
r r
r r
1
I o dl cos ( t )

I o dl cos (t )
H r ( v sin ) v cos
r r 4r 4r

r r
1 I o dl
cos (t )

cos ( t )
H v sin ) v cos
(
r 4 r r

r r
sin * sin (t ) cos (t )
1 I o dl v sin v
H
r 4 v r


r r
I o dl sin sin (t v ) cos (t v )
H
4r
v r


r r
sin (t ) cos (t )
I o dl sin
H v

v

4

rv r2


r r
sin (t ) cos (t )
I o dl sin
H v

v a

4

rv r2


We know that

D
*H
t
E
*H
t
1
E * H dt

ar ra r sin a
1
*H 2
r sin r
Hr rH r sin H
ar ra r sin a
1
*H 2
r sin r
0 0 r sin H

0 r sin a 0 0
1
2 ar r sin H 0 ra r sin H
r sin r
1
2 ar r sin H ra r sin H
r sin r
ar ra r sin a
1
*H 2
r sin r
Hr rH r sin H
ar ra r sin a
1
*H 2
r sin r
0 0 r sin H
Er E E
ar a a
t t t
1
ar r sin H 0 ra r sin H 0 r sin a 0 0
r sin
2
r

Sub Hr=H=0 we get


Er E E
ar a a
t t t

0 r sin a 0 0
1
ar r sin H 0 ra r sin H
r 2 sin
r
E 1 1
r ar * H r 2 r sin H sin H
t r sin r sin
E
a * H 2
1 1
r r sin H rH
t r sin r r r
E
a * H 0
t
Er 1
ar sin H
t r sin
r r
sin (t ) cos (t )
I dl sin v v a
H o
4 rv r 2



r r
sin (t ) cos (t )
Er 1 I o dl sin v v
ar sin
t r sin 4 rv r 2



r r
sin (t ) cos (t )
E 1 I o dl v
r ar sin v
2

t r sin 4 rv r 2



r r
sin (t ) cos (t )
E
r ar
1 I o dl
2 sin cos v

v

t r sin 4 rv r 2



r r
sin (t ) cos (t )
Er 2 I o dl cos v v
ar
t 4 r 2v r 3





r r
sin (t ) cos (t )
2 I dl cos v t
Er o
4
r 2
v
v

r 3



r r
cos (t ) sin (t )
2 I dl cos v v
Er o
4 r 2 v r 3



r r
cos (t ) sin (t )
2 I dl cos v v
Er o
4 r 2v r 3



E 1
a rH
t r r
r r
sin (t ) cos (t )
I dl sin v v a
H o
4 rv r 2



r r
sin (t ) cos (t )
E 1 I o dl sin v v r
a
t r r 4 rv r 2



r r
sin (t ) cos (t )
E 1 I o dl sin v v r

t r r 4 rv r 2



r
sin (t ) cos (t )
r
E I o dl sin v v

t 4r r v r


r r
sin (t ) cos (t )
E I dl sin v v
o
t 4r r v r r


r cos (t r ) cos (t r )
cos (t r )
E I o dl sin r v v
v *
t 4r v r r2



cos (t r ) r sin (t r ) cos (t r )
I o dl sin v v v
E v * dt
4r

2
v v r





2 cos (t r ) r sin (t r ) cos (t r )
I o dl sin
v v v
E v dt
4r

2 2
v r



r r

I o dl sin
2
cos (t ) cos (t )

r
v sin (t ) v dt
E
4r v 2
vr v r 2



r r
I o dl sin 2
cos (t ) cos (t )

r
v sin (t ) v dt
E
4r v 2
vr v r 2



r r r
I o dl sin
sin (t ) cos (t ) sin( t )
2

E v v v
4 v 2r vr 2 r 3


r r r
I o dl sin
sin (t ) cos (t ) sin ( t )
E v v v
4 vr2
vr 2
r3


r r
sin (t ) cos (t )
I o dl sin
H v

v a

4

2
rv r

r r r
I o dl sin
sin (t ) cos (t ) sin (t )
E v v v a
4 v2r vr 2 r 3


Neglecting 1/r2,1/r3 terms , final radiated terms
r
I o dl sin
sin ( t )
E v

4 v 2
r

r
jI o dl sin
sin ( t )
E v a

4 v 2
r

r
sin (t )
I dl sin

H o v

4 rv


r
sin (t )
jI o dl sin
a
H v

4r v


Alternatively
r
I o dl sin
sin (t )
E v

4 v 2r

r
I o dl sin
sin (t )
E v

4 * v * v * r

r
2f sin (t )
I o dl sin
f 1

E v we know that v
4 * 1 * v * r


r r
sin (t ) sin (t )
I o dl sin v I dl sin v
E
o
2 * r
2 * *r

r r
120I o dl sin
sin (t ) 60 I dl sin sin (t )
E v v

o

2 * r * r

r
sin (t )
j 60I o dl sin v
E a
*r

j 60I o dl sin jr
E e a
*r

E E
H
H
2
Sub =120 and

jIodl j r
H Sine
4r

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