Demography

Conformity is a change in behaviour or belief toward a group standard as a result

of the group's influence on an individual. As this definition indicates, conformity is
a type of social influence through which group members come to share similar
beliefs and standards of behaviour.

Coercion
the action or practice of persuading someone to do something by using force or
threats.
..
Demo means the people and
graphy means measurement.

(Demos = population, Graphy = picture)

 Demography is the scientific study of
human population in which includes study
of changes in population size ,composition
and its distribution
 DEFINITION
The study of population is of major concern to sociologist and social
scientists.

Population is the number of persons occupying a certain geographic

area, drawing substance from their habitat, and interacting with one
another.

Demographers commonly define population as a collective group of

individuals occupying a particular place at a given time.

Three key words are involved in the definition of population:

Group
Place
Time
 POPULATION GROWTH

Population growth is a major factor in energy consumption, housing

shortages, inflation, food security, unemployment and environmental
degradation.

Population growth has been and will continue to be an integral part of

our lives. It account for the emergence and intensification of many local,
natural and global problems like poverty and inequality, energy crisis,
malnutrition, and scarcity or food supply, housing problems, criminality,
economic crisis and environmental degradation; the worlds already
depleted resources re currently threatened by an unchecked population
growth.
 DEMOGRAPHY
In the books of Collins dictionary of sociology ,David and Julia Gary define
demography as the statistical study of human population with regard to
their size and structure, their composition by sex, age, marital, status and
ethnic origin, and the changes to these population like changes in their
birth rates, death rates and immigration.

Demography is the statistical analysis and description of population

aggregates with reference to the distribution, vital statistics, age, sex and
related factors

The science of demography looks also into factors that may cause
population to increase or decrease in any given area. It is concerned with
numbers and quantities and the relation between them. Demographers use
the statistical method in their analysis of demographic data.
 IMPORTANCE OF DEMOGRAPHY AND
DEMOGRAPHIC DATA

Citing the importance of demographic data, the program of action of the united
nations international conference on population and development, Cairo
1994,statesthe everyday activities of all human beings affect community patterns
and levels of use of natural resources, the state of the environment, and the pace and
quality of economic and social development .

Demographic data provide a basis for predicting future trends and making informed
decisions, as, demographic data are important for the formulation , implementation,
and evaluation of plans, policies, and programs for education ,housing, health,
employment, transportation ,recreational needs and other forms of social services.

Demographic data can guide policy makers in meeting the needs and of various sectors
of the society, such as the young, the adult and aged, the unemployed, the poor, and
the various cultural groups.
The elements of demography
Size: increase or decrease
Composition: sex and age group
Distribution: territory
 Biggest source of data on
Demography
POPULATION CENSUSES
NATIONAL SAMPLE SURVEYS
REGISTRATION
Other official and independent sample surveys
UNITED NATIONS
Vital Statistics
DEMOGRAPHIC PROCESSE

It deals with the five demographic

processes
FERTILITY
MORTALITY
MARRIAGE
MIGRATION
SOCIAL MORBILITY
 COMPONENTS OF POPULATION CHANGE
Fertility(births)
-Refers to the actual number of children born to a woman or grouped of women. A
simple way to measure fertility is to get the crude birth rate;
Registered number of births in year * 1000
Cbr= -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
total mid-year population

Mortality(deaths)
-Refers to the number of deaths per 1000 of the total mid-year population in particular
place at a specified time, and is measured by the crude death rate.
Registered number of deaths a year * 1000
Cdr=------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total mid-year population

Migration(immigration and emigration)

-Refers to the spatial movement of person or grouped of persons within a country or
specified territory, more or less for permanent residency.
-Immigration, when one enters the country of destination.
-Emigration, when one leaves on country in order to move into another.
DEMOGRAPHIC CYCLE(STAGE)
High stationary (first stage ): this stage is
characterized by a high birth rate and high death
rate ,no any change in size and population .Indian
was in this stage till 1920.
Early expending (second stage ): the death rate
begins to decline (starts decreasing )and birth rate
no change . initial increase in population
 .
Late expanding (third stage): the birth rate begins to
decline while the death rate still decreases . continue
increase in population

Low stationary (fourth stage ) :

This stage is characterized by a low birth rate & low
death rate .stability in population .

Declining (fifth stage ):in the declining stage birth rate

is lower then the death rate .fall in population
METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION
Primary data collection :collection is
done by the individual by using the
methods such as :
Observation
Interviews
Questionnaires
Diaries
census
..
Secondary data collection :
census
National sample survey
Registration of vital events: vital
registration statistics system like
birth, death, marriage, and divorce.
Demographic data gathered and
processed by government agencies.
Records
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
Data is collection directly or indirectly
from population . The data collected
directed from individuals by face to face
survey .
Data collected during census.
Data related to health from an
individual.
Data related to illness from an
individual.
.
The data which is collected from outside
the source such as records .
Data taken from hospital records
Data taken from census
The data collected need to be arranged in
table ,charts ,diagrams, graphs picture
Census of India 2011

In 1872 the first Census

was held in India.

The Census of India 2011 will be the

15th Census and the 7th after
Independence.
.
Census 2011 will mark a milestone as the
National Population Register (NPR) will also
be prepared
1st Phase:
HOUSELISTING & HOUSING CENSUS AND
COLLECTION OF DATA ON NATIONAL
POPULATION REGISTER
April to September 2010
;
2nd Phase:
POPULATION ENUMERATION
9h to 28th February 2011
NPR Utility

Create a comprehensive identity database in the

country
Help in better targeting of the benefits and services
under the the Government schemes / programmes

.Improve planning
 . 2001 2011
States/UTs 35 35

Districts 593 640

Tehsils 5463 5767

Towns 5161 7742

Villages 593732 608786

Households 194 Million 240 Million

Population 1.03 Billion 1.20 Billion

Census 2011 and Demographic Trends in Indian
1,21,01,93,422 Male : 62,37,24,248
Population Female :58,64,69,174

Decadal 18,14,55,986
population growth 17.64%
Density of 382 Per sq .km
population
Females per
Sex ratio 940 1000 males
Population in the 15,87,89,287 13.12% (of total
age group (0-6) population
77,84,54,120 74.04%
Literates Male :82.14%
Females :65.46 %
Items of Information: House listing
and Housing Census
Information relating to Buildings- Use, Quantity and
Quality

available to the Households

Assets possessed by the Households
Use of Houses, Drinking water, Availability and type of
latrines, Electricity
Above details to be collected from all Usual Residents
Items of Information: NPR
1 Name of person 6 Sex 11 Present
address of
usual
residence
2 Relationship to 7 Date of Birth 12 Duration of
Head stay at present
address
3 Fathers Name 8 Marital Status 13 Permanent
Residential
Address
4 Mothers Name 9 Place of Birth 14 Occupation /
Activity
5 Spouses Name 1 Nationality as 15 Educational
0 Declared Qualification

Photograph, Finger Print and Iris (if approved) to be collected for Usual
Residents aged 15 years and above
RURAL AND URBAN
COMMUNITIES
 Types of Community:
1.Rural Community
2.Urban Community

1. Rural Community:
Rural Community means a group of rural people,
having belongingness, sharing their emotions living in a specific
locality within a village.
Rural Community is consists of rural people who are generally
depends on agriculture.
Objectives of Rural Community:
To improve the living standards by providing food, shelter,
clothing, employment and education
To increase productivity in Rural areas and reduce poverty
To involve people in planning and development through
decentralization of administration
To ensure distributive justice and equalization of opportunities in
the society

Characteristics of Rural Community:

Rural Community is mainly depends on agriculture
Rural communities are relatively more homogeneous
Relationships are not means to end type
It have their own culture and tradition
There have limited jobs
Depends on internal/natural resources
Rural Community is regulated by village Panch
Definition of Urban
In India a settlement is defined as urban if it is either:
A statutory town or a Census town

Statutory town
It is a settlement having any local self-governing body such as a
Municipality, Corporation, cantonment Board, Notified Area Committee,
State Office or any other statutory body.

Census town
It is a settlement which satisfies the following criterion of urban definition
prescribed by the Census of India at the time of Census. At present the
definition of Urban as given by the Census of India since 1961 is as given below:
1. Population of the settlement is more than 5000.
2. Population density is more than 400 persons per square kilometre or
1000 persons per square mile.
3. More than 75 % of male work force is engaged in non- agricultural
occupations.
2. Urban Community:
Urban Community means a group of people, having belongingness, sharing their
emotion, live in a particular area in city.

Objectives of Urban Community:

To improve adequate support service to the slum dwellers
To reduce the ecological breakdown
To organize family welfare programmes to control population growth
To make plans for reduction of chronic diseases as HIV/AIDS, TB and Laprosy
etc.
Characteristics of Urban Community:
Large in size
High density of population
Diversification of occupation
It have larger area for interaction
Relationships are means to end types
Migration of people from rural area
Development of Slums
Faster growth of population
MIGRATION
Migration

Movement of people to a place different from the place of

their residence.
Forced Migration- when people have no choice and either
have to, or made to move.
Voluntary Migration- when people choose to move.
Urban area
According to the concept developed by census of India in 1971 the
standard for urban area is-
1. All places with a Municipality, Corporation or Cantonment or
Notified Town Area
2. All other places which satisfied the following criteria:
a) a minimum population of 5,000.
b) at least 75% of the male working population was non-
agricultural.
c) a density of population of at least 400 sq. Km. (i.e. 1000 per sq.
Mile)
 MIGRATION
Migration is when people move permanently from one
place to another. It can be within the same country
(internal) or across national boundaries (international)
Any change of residence from one part of village/town to
another part of the same village/town will also not be
considered as migration as per Indian Census.
The movement which is purely temporary in nature, like,
visiting religious places, official tour, medical treatment
etc., are not to be treated as migration as they do not
involve change of residence.
Situation in India
Migration in Census of India is of two types
1. Migration by birth place- People who migrates at the
time of census other than their place of birth.
2. Migration by place of last residence- People who
migrates during census is other than his/her place of
immediate last residence.
Rural-urban migration
Movement of people from rural area (country side) to urban area
(city) in search of better facilities, job & life styles is called rural-
urban migration.
THEORIES OF RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION
1. Push - Pull Theory
What are the major push and pull factors behind migration?

2. Economic Theory
How can migration be explained from an economic perspective?
Harris Todaro Model

3. Behavioral Explanations Theory to Migration

How can migration be explained from a human behavior perspective?
Opportunities of Migration
Labour demand and supply- fills gaps in demand and supply
of labour; efficiently allocates skilled and unskilled labour;
cheap labour, disciplined and willingness to work.
Remittances- provides insurance against risks to households
in the source areas; increases consumer expenditure and
investment in health, education and assets formation.
Return Migration- brings knowledge, skills and innovation.
Skill Development- through exposure and interaction with
the outside world.
Effects of rural-urban migration

Urban Growth- it means that towns and cities are spatially

expanding
Urbanisation- it refers to the fact of a significant increase in
the proportion of people living in cities in the total
population
Rural depopulation- a large number of working age people
migrate from the countryside to earn more money in the
city.
Key strategies for integration and inclusion
of migrants in urban areas:

Registration and identity

Political and civic inclusion
Labour Market inclusion
Legal aid and dispute Resolution
Inclusion of women Migrant
Inclusion through access to food
Inclusion through housing
Educational Inclusion
Public health inclusion
Financial Inclusion