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Introduction
Synchronous Machines:
Asynchronous(Induction) Machines:
Induction Motors: Most widely used electrical motors in both domestic and
industrial applications.
Induction Generators: Due to lack of a separate field excitation, these
machines are rarely used as generators
Induction Motor
Most popular motor today in the low and medium horsepower
range
The connections from rotor are brought out using slip rings that
are rotating with the rotor and carbon brushes that are static.
F 1
c Fa Fb Fc
b 0.5
Fa
Fc
a t00 t1 t2 t3
-0.5
Fc Fb
t = t0
-1
-1.5
-93 10 113 216
Ns = 120 f / p Space angle () in degrees
F F
Fa
a
b a Fa a
c b b
Fb c c
Fc Fc
b c F
b c b c
a Fb
a a
t = t2 t = t3
t=t
Torque Production in an Induction Motor
In a conventional DC machine field is stationary and the current
carrying conductors rotate.
We can obtain similar results if we make field structure rotating and
current carrying conductor stationary.
In an induction motor the conventional 3-phase winding sets up the
rotating magnetic field(RMF) and the rotor has short circuited
conductors.
An EMF and hence current is induced in the rotor due to the speed
difference between the RMF and the rotor, similar to that in a DC
motor.
This current produces a torque such that the speed difference
between the RMF and rotor is reduced.
Hence the rotor starts rotating in the same direction as that of stator
stator field in order to reduce the speed difference(opposing the
cause producing it)
The starting torque of induction motor depends on the rotor
resistance (directly proportional).
As the resistance of the squirrel cage induction motor cannot be
changed after construction its starting torque cannot be varied
hence they are used in applications where starting torque required is
low
Resistance of slip ring induction motor can be increased by adding
rheostat and hence they have high starting torques. So they can be
used in applications where the motor is to be started with load
Slip in Induction Motor
The speed difference cannot become zero because that would stop generation
of the torque producing current itself.
N s N r s r
s
Ns s
where Ns , s are the speeds of the RMF in RPM and rad/sec respectively
Nr , r are the speeds of the rotor in RPM and rad/sec respectively
Wound or Slip ring Rotor
Induction motor -
Outside view of stator
1. Most synchronous generators are built in much larger sizes than their dc
counterparts. An increase in power capacity of a generator requires thicker
conductors in its armature winding to carry high currents and to minimize
copper losses.
2. Since the induced emf in the armature winding is quite high, it is easier to
insulate it when it is wound inside the stationary member rather than the
rotating member.
A Salient rotor or
Projecting pole rotor
Principle of Operation
E0 V
% Re g
V
If the % regulation is low, it indicates that drop in voltage from no
load to full load is low and hence it is good alternator.
the motor is equipped with a squirrel case winding (on its projecting
poles called as damper winding )so as to start as an induction motor
during starting, the dc field winding is short circuited
when the motor has accelerated close to synchronous speed, the dc
excitation is then applied to produce the field flux
Pull-in torque
- if the poles on the rotor at the moment the exciting current is applied
happen to be facing poles of opposite polarity on the stator, a strong
magnetic attraction is set up between them.
- the mutual attraction locks the rotor and stator poles together
- the rotor is literally yanked into step with the revolving field
Motor under Load
At no-load conditions, the rotor poles are
directly opposite the stator poles and their
axes coincide