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Objectives:
To explain the advantages of poly-phase
systems over single phase systems
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1.0 Introduction
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1.1 Three-phase System
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Advantages of 3-phase system
An electric machine of a given weight is capable of
delivering more efficient power in 3-phase than in single
phase.
Figure 1.1 5
Continued.
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1.2.1 The Y Connected Generator
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The relationship between line voltage and phase voltage is given
below:
E AB 300 3E AN 300
C EBC 270 0 3E BN 270 0
C ECA 150 0 3ECN 150 0
E L 3E
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1.2.2 The Connected Generator
I BA I Aa I AC
I Aa I BA I AC I BA I CA
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1.3 Phase Sequence
Sequence a-b-c-a-b-c-a-b-c
abc=bca=cab
Sequence a-c-b-a-c-b-a-c-b
acb=cba=bac
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1.3.1 Phasor diagram
The key to understanding three-phase is to understand the
phasor diagram for the voltages or currents. In the
diagram, a, b and c represent the three lines, and o
represents the neutral.
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The red phasors are the line or delta voltages,
the voltages between the wires. The blue phasors
are the wye voltages, the voltages to neutral.
They correspond to the two different ways a
symmetrical load can be connected.
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1.4 Wye -Connection / (Star-
connection)
Ib Vca
b
Balanced system Vcn
Ic
c
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Continued
Van 1 e j120 Van
Vab
Vbn
Van 3 30
n
Ib Vca
b
Vcn
Vbc and Vca can be calculated
similarly Vbc
Ic
c
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Continued
V ab V an V bn V bc V bn V cn
V ca V cn V an
Vab Van 3 30
Vbc Vbn 3 30 Van 3 90
Vca Vcn 3 30 Van 3 210
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1.5 Delta Connection
For a balanced Delta-
connected system.
VL V where
VL Vab
VL Vbc
VL Vca
I L 3I where
I L I a I ba I ac
I L I b I cb I ba
I L I c I ac I cb
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1.6 Balanced 3 Phase () Systems
A balanced 3 phase () system has
three voltage sources with equal magnitude,
but with an angle shift of 120
equal loads on each phase
equal impedance on the lines connecting the
generators to the loads
Bulk power systems are almost exclusively
3
Single phase is used primarily only in low
voltage, low power ratings, such as
residential and some commercial loads
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1.6.1 Wye- and Delta-Connected
Loads
a) Balanced Wye loads
Van Za
I g I L I L Vbn Vcn
V E Zc Z
b
E L 3V
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Continued
VL 3V
V VL
IL
Z 3Z
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b) Balanced Delta loads V VL
I L 3I
VL V
V
I
Z
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Delta-Wye Transformation
Proof
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Continued
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Continued
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1.6 Power Calculation for -connected
Balanced Loads
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28
Continued
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b) Delta load
Get the line voltage, phase voltage
Phase current = phase voltage/Z (*if
there is no impedance for transmission
line*) or
phase current =phase voltage/(Z/3) (*when
there is no impedance for transmission
line*)
Z/3 = transform the delta impedance to wye
Calculate the real, reactive and apparent
power.
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