Louis Stodieck

Phone: 492-4010
E-mail: stodieck@colorado.edu
Office: ECAE 113
 Lecture Notes Website

www.colorado.edu\ASEN\asen5426
 Reading Assignments
Date Lecture Assignment
4/1 Cellular growth, division, differentiation Guyton Ch. 2 & 3
and death Lodish Ch. 13, p495-500, p:524-533
4/3 Cellular responses to external signals Guyton Ch. 74
Lodish Ch 20, p:848-862, p:884-894
4/8 Breakdown of cellular growth control: Guyton Ch. 3
Cancer Lodish Ch. 24, p1054-1069, p1076-1082
4/10 Insulin control of blood glucose Guyton Ch. 78
Lodish Ch. 20, p:897-898
4/15 Calcium regulation and hormonal control Guyton Ch. 79
of bone mass Class Notes
4/17 Cellular mechanisms and local control of Class Notes
bone mass
4/22 Control of skeletal muscle mass Guyton Ch. 6, p:77-78 (10th ed), p:82-83 (11th
ed); Ch. 84, p:968-973 (10th ed), p:1055-1061
(11th ed), Class Notes
4/24 Effects of novel environments on Guyton Ch. 43,
physiological controls Class Notes
4/29 Applications in cell and tissue engineering Class Notes
5/1 Oral presentations
5/3 Exam III (During final exam slot 4:30pm)

Molecular Cell Biology, Lodish, Berk, Zipursky, Matsudaira, Baltimore and Darnell, 2000.
 Control via Cells and Tissues

Controls emanate from cell form and

function
10-100 trillion cells in the human body
Each cell carries a full blueprint (genome)
but runs different subroutines (gene
expression)
Integrated responses of cell aggregates
(tissues and organs) give rise to whole
organism responses
 Constituents of Cells
Water (70-80%)
Ions (Na+, K+, Ca2+, PO4-, Cl-, etc.)
Carbohydrates (sugars, starches)
Proteins (chains of amino acids)
Structural vs. enzymatic
Soluble vs. membrane bound
Lipids (membranes, energy)
Nucleic acids (DNA, RNA)
Intestine Epithelial cells
Trachea
Epithelial cells
Pancreas
Acinar cells
Kidney Podocytes
Adipose cells
Blood Erythrocytes
Muscle fiber
Nerve fiber Schwann cell
 Human Genome
Human DNA has 3.2 billion base pairs
Data is equivalent to ~800 Mbytes
Only ~1.5% (12 Mb) codes for actual products
Each cell (with few exceptions) contain 23
chromosome pairs
Stretched out, DNA would be 6 ft. long for a
single cell
End to end, an individuals DNA would reach
to the sun and back 60 times!!!!
 More Gene Trivia

Human genome has been sequenced

Humans have ~25,000 genes
Yeast = 6,000 genes
Fruit fly = 13,000 genes
Nematode = 18,000 genes
Arabidopsis = 26,000 genes
We differ from each other by roughly 1 base
pair per 1000 (99.9% the same)
Protein Synthesis a.k.a Translation
Comparison of Mammalian vs. Yeast Gene Structure
From: Hammond et al., 2000,
Physiological Genomics,
3:163-173.
 Control of Cell Division
Why is control necessary
Unchecked growth would be disastrous
1 cell = 4.2(10)-9 g
Assume cells divide once each day
N = 2t (N = number of cells, t = time in days)
In 1 month = 4.5 g
In 2 months = 4,800,000 Kg = 5,000 tons
But cell division is necessary
Developmental growth
Maintenance of tissue and organ functions
Repair of damaged tissues
Immune cell proliferation
 Postmitotic cells
Quiescent phase
Mitosis cell division
~30 min. to complete
Prep for DNA replication
Highly variable ~9 hrs. in
cycling cells

Prep for mitosis

~4-5 hours
-DNA repair and
proofreading DNA replication
~10 hours
 Control of Cell Division

Controlled by cyclin-dependent kinases

(Cdks)
Cdks are made through transcriptional
induction
Growth factors
Hormones
Tissue disaggregation
Mitogens
 G1 Checkpoint

Cdks phosphorylate proteins (RB) that

would otherwise inhibit cell cycling
Phosphorylation causes short-term
positive feedback Threshold response
(not unlike action potential)
Other proteins can delay or stop
process or redirect cell to apoptosis
 Apoptosis

Cells commit suicide through programmed

cell death
Cells require trophic factors to prevent
Mechanism always armed
Binding of trophic factors alters
phosphorylation
E.g., nerve growth factor (NGF)
Final death agents are caspases
(proteases)