2 Aero Windtunnels

AERODYNAMICS
AND
WINDTUNNELS
AERODYNAMICS &
DEFINITION WINDTUNNELS
AERODYNAMICS:
IS THE STUDY OF
THE FORCES EXERTED BY
AIR OR OTHER GASES IN MOTION
InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

AERODYNAMICS &
DESIGN APPLICATIONS WINDTUNNELS
WHY SHOULD WE CARE ABOUT AERODYNAMICS?

BECAUSE IT SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECTS THE PERFORMANCE & SAFETY OF MANY OF
THE THINGS WE USE AND THINGS WE DO:
AIRCRAFT
SPACECRAFT
AUTOMOBILES AND TRUCKS
ENGINES (Gas turbines, reciprocating engines, etc.)
AIR HANDLING SYSTEMS (fans, blowers, air conditioners, etc.)
BUILDINGS
WIND TURBINES
SPORTS (Ski jumping, speed skating, bicycle racing, windsurfing,
yacht racing, etc.)
AERODYNAMICS &
AERO DESIGN PROCESS WINDTUNNELS
THE SCIENTIFIC
METHOD:
CREATE AN
DESCRIBE ANALYTICAL
THE MODEL
PROBLEM (DESIGN AND
FOR THEORY TO BECOME LAW ANALYSIS)
DEVELOP A
IT MUST BE TESTABLE PHYSICAL

DESIGN
(otherwise its philosophy) UPDATE THE

ANALYTICAL
UPDATE THE
PROTOTYPE
MODEL
THE WIND TUNNEL

PREDICT
PERFORMANCE
NO AND BUILD A
PROTOTYPE
IS THE PRIMARY DO THE RESULTS

MATCH THE
TEST THE
PROTOTYPE
TEST VEHICLE FOR PREDICTION?
AERODYNAMIC DESIGN YES CELEBRATE

AERODYNAMICS &
GOVERNING LAWS OF PHYSICS WINDTUNNELS
UNDERSTANDING AERODYNAMICS
CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
NEWTONS THIRD LAW OF MOTION
POTENTIAL & KINETIC ENERGY
CONTINUITY EQUATION

AERODYNAMICS &
ENERGY WINDTUNNELS
THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but only changed

from one form into another or transferred from one object to
another
the total amount of energy in a closed system remains constant

AERODYNAMICS &
LAWS OF MOTION WINDTUNNELS
NEWTONS THIRD LAW

FOR EVERY ACTION THERE IS AN (OPPOSED) EQUAL
AND OPPOSITE REACTION

AERODYNAMICS &
ENERGY TRANSFORMATION WINDTUNNELS
POTENTIAL ENERGY
PE = mass x g x height = weight x height
KINETIC ENERGY
KE = mass x velocity2 = weight x velocity2
2g

AERODYNAMICS &
THE FORCES EXERTED BY

AIR ARE MANIFEST IN PRESSURE

AERODYNAMICS &
CONTINUITY EQUATION WINDTUNNELS
FLOW THROUGH A CONSTRAINED REGION

Continuity Equation
W1 = W2 = Wn
flow = density x area x velocity
1 n 2
W=dxAxV

AERODYNAMICS &
THE CONCEPT OF PRESSURE WINDTUNNELS
STATIC PRESSURE
OBSERVER MOVING WITH THE AIR
V=0

AERODYNAMICS &
DYNAMIC (TOTAL) PRESSURE

Pressure due to velocity of air relative to the velocity of the
object
OBSERVER MOVING WITH THE OBJECT

AERODYNAMICS &
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STATIC AND TOTAL PRESSURE
Total Temp Static Temp x (1 + c x V2)
Total Press Static Press x (1 + c x V2)3.5
Total Press Static Press x (Total/Static Temp)3.5

AERODYNAMICS &
AERODYNAMICS OF WINGS

AERODYNAMICS &
VELOCITY IN A CONSTRAINED SPACE WINDTUNNELS
VELOCITY IS GOVERNED BY THE CONTINUITY EQUATION

Density (d) varies with T & P
T & P remain constant unless heat and/or work is added or removed
(conservation of energy), thus d = constant
Therefore: W = constant = d x A x V = constant x A x V
Thus V varies only with A (V = constant/A)

AERODYNAMICS &
AERODYNAMICS OF WINGS WINDTUNNELS
FLOW OVER A WING

AERODYNAMICS &
PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION AROUND A WING

AERODYNAMICS &
C

AERODYNAMICS &
ANGLE OF ATTACK
As the angle of attack increases

lift increases but so does drag
At some point the air cannot

follow the wing surface and
separates. This causes the wing
to rapidly lose lift, creating stall

AERODYNAMICS &
AERODYNAMIC FORCES ON A WING

AERODYNAMICS &
AERODYNAMIC LOADS WINDTUNNELS
AERODYNAMIC & PHYSICAL LOADS ON AN AIRCRAFT

AERODYNAMICS &
LIFT AND DRAG

AERODYNAMICS &
WIND TUNNELS WINDTUNNELS
WINDTUNNELS ARE USED TO:

DEVELOP EMPIRICAL DESIGN DATA (eg Lift/Drag polars)
INVESTIGATE AERODYNAMIC PHENOMENA (eg flutter)
DEVELOP AND VERIFY DESIGNS

AERODYNAMICS &
WINDTUNNELS WINDTUNNELS
WRIGHT BROTHERS
WIND TUNNEL
Critical to the Wright
Brothers success was
their wind tunnel.
When they tested their
previous design that
failed expectations they
discovered that its lift
was 1/3 of design
predictions

AERODYNAMICS &
WRIGHT BROTHERS WIND TUNNEL

AERODYNAMICS &
LARGE SCALE WIND TUNNELS

AERODYNAMICS &
OPTIONS
CLOSED LOOP:
Facilitates changes in altitude
(pressure).
Reduces energy consumption.
OPEN LOOP:
Required for engine testing and
testing with inlet additives (eg water,
contamination, etc.
Ambient
Inlet air heaters & coolers
Exhaust pumps to vary altitude
and flight speed.
BLOW DOWN :
Open configuration
Closed configuration

AERODYNAMICS &
BLOW DOWN WIND TUNNELS

AERODYNAMICS &
VISUALIZING FLOW FIELDS WINDTUNNELS
SCHLIEREN , SHADOW GRAPHS, & LDV

USE AIR DENSITY FOR VISUALIZATION

AERODYNAMICS &
VERTICAL WIND TUNNELS
NASA LEWIS (GLENN) 5 FT

VERTICAL WIND TUNNEL - 1917
AERODYNAMICS &
NON - AIRCRAFT
APPLICATIONS

AERODYNAMICS &
AERODYNAMIC DRAG MEASUREMENT

ON BUILDINGS USING SCALE MODELS

AERODYNAMICS &
HURRICANES & TORNADOS WINDTUNNELS
WIND LOADS ON STRUCTURES

AERODYNAMICS &
HURRICANES AND TORNADOES WINDTUNNELS
0
EFFECT OF HIGH
WIND SPEED ON
HOUSE ROOF LOADS
Wind Speed mph 100 150 200 250 300

Wind Speed ft/s 147 220 293 367 440
Roof Area sq ft 2000 2000 2000 2000 2000
Mach # 0.1311 0.1966 0.2621 0.3277 0.3932
Total Pressure lb/sq in 14.70 14.70 14.70 14.70 14.70
Static Pressure lb/sq in 14.52 14.31 14.01 13.65 13.21
Press Difference lb/sq in 0.18 0.39 0.69 1.05 1.49
Tot/Stat Press 1.012 1.027 1.049 1.077 1.112
Load on Roof tons 25.3 56.3 98.8 151.7 214.0

AERODYNAMICS &
AERODYNAMICS OF VEHICLES
OBJECTIVE: REDUCE DRAG FOR REDUCED FUEL
CONSUMPTION AND INCREASED SPEED.
AUTOMOBILES,
RACE CARS,
MOTORCYCLES &
TRUCKS

AERODYNAMICS &
AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS WINDTUNNELS
MERCEDES BENZ
ENVIRONMENTAL
TESTING
NASA
LANGLEY
FULL SCALE
TESTING
GM WIND TUNNEL

AERODYNAMICS &
FLOW VISUALIZATION WINDTUNNELS
SMOKE STREAMS
Smoke
streams
clearly show
flow
separation
and
turbulence
which means
higher drag
and higher
fuel
consumption

AERODYNAMICS &
HOW TO PREVENT A SPOILER

CAR FROM BECOMING
AN AIRPLANE
INVERTED WING

AERODYNAMICS &
WOOL TUFTS

AERODYNAMICS &
AERODYNAMICS IN SPORTS WINDTUNNELS
SKI JUMPING
DOWNHILL RACING
SPEED SKATING
SKY DIVING
BICYCLE RACING
GOLF

AERODYNAMICS &
SKI JUMPING
V STYLE
CLASSIC
STYLE

AERODYNAMICS &
SKY DIVING
MODERN VERTICAL
WIND TUNNELS FOR
FUN AND GAMES

AERODYNAMICS &
RACING APPLICATIONS

AERODYNAMICS &
AERODYNAMICS OF GOLF WINDTUNNELS
WHY DIMPLED GOLFBALLS?

In the early days of golf when the
balls were smooth some golfers
noticed that their old beat up golf
balls drove further than new golf
balls hence the design of
dimpled ball covers.

AERODYNAMICS OF SPEED SKATING AERODYNAMICS &
WINDTUNNELS
Under Armour and Lockheed Martin designed gear for

the 2014 Winter Olympics

AERODYNAMICS &
AERODYNAMICS OF DRAFTING WINDTUNNELS
THE LEADER FIGHTS THE HIGHEST DRAG
PEDALING A
BICYCLE AT 152
MPH

AERODYNAMICS &
AERODYNAMICS WINDTUNNELS
EVERYONE IN ONE WAY OR ANOTHER IS AFFECTED BY AERODYNAMICS (BUT

MOST OF US DO NOT REALIZE IT)
THE PHENOMENAE OF AERODYNAMICS AND THE ATTENDANT LAWS OF

PHYSICS CAN BE DEMONSTRATED WITH A SIMPLE WIND TUNNEL
ITS ADVANTAGE IS THAT IT PROVIDES AN INTERESTING SEE AND TOUCH

APPROACH WITH CONSIDERABLE OPTIONS FOR STUDENTS TO DEVELOP AN
UNDERSTANDING OF BASIC SCIENCE

AERODYNAMICS &
AERODYNAMICS WINDTUNNELS
Dennis Barbeau
dennisb@innsolinc.com

2 Aero Windtunnels

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AERODYNAMICS

InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

WHY SHOULD WE CARE ABOUT AERODYNAMICS?

FOR THEORY TO BECOME LAW ANALYSIS)

IT MUST BE TESTABLE PHYSICAL

(otherwise its philosophy) UPDATE THE

THE WIND TUNNEL

IS THE PRIMARY DO THE RESULTS

TEST VEHICLE FOR PREDICTION?

AERODYNAMIC DESIGN YES CELEBRATE

InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY

energy can neither be created nor destroyed, but only changed

the total amount of energy in a closed system remains constant

InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

NEWTONS THIRD LAW

InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

THE FORCES EXERTED BY

InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

FLOW THROUGH A CONSTRAINED REGION

InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

OBSERVER MOVING WITH THE AIR

InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

DYNAMIC (TOTAL) PRESSURE

OBSERVER MOVING WITH THE OBJECT

InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STATIC AND TOTAL PRESSURE

Total Temp Static Temp x (1 + c x V2)

Total Press Static Press x (1 + c x V2)3.5

Total Press Static Press x (Total/Static Temp)3.5

InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

VELOCITY IS GOVERNED BY THE CONTINUITY EQUATION

InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

FLOW OVER A WING

InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION AROUND A WING

InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

As the angle of attack increases

At some point the air cannot

InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

AERODYNAMIC FORCES ON A WING

InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

AERODYNAMIC & PHYSICAL LOADS ON AN AIRCRAFT

InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

LIFT AND DRAG

InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

WINDTUNNELS ARE USED TO:

InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

WRIGHT BROTHERS WIND TUNNEL

InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

LARGE SCALE WIND TUNNELS

InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

BLOW DOWN WIND TUNNELS

InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

SCHLIEREN , SHADOW GRAPHS, & LDV

InnSol, Inc. AERODYNAMICS & WINDTUNNELS

VERTICAL WIND TUNNELS

NASA LEWIS (GLENN) 5 FT