COGNITIVE, SOCIAL

AND INSIGHTFUL
LEARNING
Cognitive learning

Cognitive Learning Theory implies that the

different processes concerning learning can be
explained by analyzing the mental processes first.

The Cognitive Learning Theory explains why the

brain is the most incredible network of
information processing and interpretation in the
body as we learn things.
 This theory can be divided into two specific
theories: the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT),
and the Cognitive Behavioral Theory (CBT).
Social Cognitive Theory
Social Cognitive Theory states that new
experiences are to be evaluated by the learner
by means of analyzing his past experiences with
the same determinants. Learning, therefore, is a
result of a thorough evaluation of the present
experience versus the past.
 Basic Concepts
Social Cognitive Theory includes several basic
concepts that can manifest not only in adults but
also in infants, children and adolescents.
Observational Learning

Reproduction

Self-efficacy

Emotional coping

Self-regulatory capability
Observational Learning

Learning from other people by means of

observing them is an effective way of
gaining knowledge and altering behavior.
Reproduction
The process wherein there is an aim to effectively
increase the repeating of a behavior by means of
putting the individual in a comfortable
environment with readily accessible materials to
motivate him to retain the new knowledge and
behavior learned and practice them.
Self-efficacy

The course wherein the learner improves

his newly learned knowledge or behavior
by putting it into practice.
Emotional Coping
Good coping mechanisms against stressful
environment and negative personal characteristics
can lead to effective learning, especially in adults.

Self-Regulatory Capability
Ability to control behavior even within an
unfavorable environment.
Cognitive Behavioral Theory
Cognitive Behavioral Theory describes the role
of cognition (knowing) to determining and
predicting the behavioral pattern of an
individual.

The Cognitive Behavioral Theory says that

individuals tend to form self-concepts that affect
the behavior they display. These concepts can be
positive or negative and can be affected by a
persons environment.
Cognitive Behavioral Theory further explains human
behavior and learning using the cognitive triad. This
triad includes negative thoughts about:

The self
The world/environment
The future
Social learning

Social learning theory is the view that people

learn by observing others. Associated with Albert
Bandura's work in the 1960s, social learning
theory explains how people learn new behaviors,
values, and attitudes.
Social learning requires attention to the
person(s) observed, remembering the observed
behavior, the ability to replicate the behavior, and
a motivation to act the same way.
Modeling Process
The Modeling Process developed by
Bandura helps us understand that not all
observed behaviors could be learned
effectively, nor learning can necessarily
result to behavioral changes. The modeling
process includes the following steps in
order for us to determine whether social
learning is successful or not:
 Step 1: Attention
Social Cognitive Theory implies that you
must pay attention for you to learn. If you
want to learn from the behavior of the
model (the person that demonstrates the
behavior), then you should eliminate anything
that catches your attention other than him.
Also, the more interesting the model is, the
more likely you are to pay full attention to
him and learn.
Step 2: Retention
Retention of the newly learned behavior is
necessary. Without it, learning of the
behavior would not be established, and you
might need to get back to observing the
model again since you were not able to
store information about the behavior.
Step 3: Reproduction
When you are successful in paying attention
and retaining relevant information, this step
requires you to demonstrate the behavior.
In this phase, practice of the behavior by
repeatedly doing it is important for
improvement.
Step 4: Motivation
Feeling motivated to repeat the behavior is
what you need in order to keep on
performing it. This is where reinforcement
and punishment come in. You can be
rewarded by demonstrating the behavior
properly, and punished by displaying it
inappropriately.
 Insightful learning
Insight learning was first researched by Wolfgang
Kohler (18871967). This theory of learning
differs from the trial-and-error ideas that were
proposed before it. The key aspect of insight
learning is that it is achieved through cognitive
processes, rather than interactions with the
outside world.
Insightful learning is a kind of learning in which a
solution to a problem comes suddenly as one
discerns the pattern or interrelationship of one
aspect of the situation with another.
MEMORY
Memory
Memory is a process by which we
encode, store and retrieved information.
Stages of the memory
Encoding

Storage

Retrieval
 Encoding

First step to remembering information.

Encoding is a process whereby
information is registered in a system.
There are three main ways in which
information can be encoded (changed):
1.Visual (picture)
2. Acoustic (sound)
3. Semantic (meaning)
 Storage
In order for information to be retrieved, not only
must it be encoded, it must also be retained or
stored.

Storage or retention is the process of holding it

permanently in memory.
 Retrieval
Retrieval is the process whereby we get from the
system information that has been previously
stored.