The Energy Transition in Germany

The Energiewende in Germany

Overview Challenges
Johanna Myrzik| ie, TU Dortmund University
German Energy Policy
Energy Concept 2050 (from BMWi 28.09.2010)
CO2 Goals:
Reduction compared to 1990
Minus 40% in 2020
Minus 55% in 2030
Minus 70% in 2040
Minus 80% to 95% in 2050
Energy Goals
Share of RES on total energy consumption (on electricity consumption)
18% in 2020 35% in 2020
30% in 2030 50% in 2030
45% in 2040 65% in 2040
60% in 2050 80% in 2050

2
Integration of RES in Germany

3
From a Grid Structure with Central
Generation

4
To a Grid Structure with Decentralized
Generation

Decentralized Generation
will take place in the MV/LV
5
RES Units and Its Controllability

6
Bottleneck Transmission System

Geographical unbalance

7
Grid Development Plan

8
Residual Load in 2035
Residual load Flexibilities Unit commitment
120 120 120
100 100 100
80 80 80

[GW]
[GW]
[GW]
Power [GW]

Power [GW]

Power [GW]
60 60 60
40 40 40

Leistung
Leistung
Leistung

20 20 20
0 0 0
-20 -20 -20
-40 -40 -40
-60 -60 -60

Liebenau, Spieker, Teuwsen (ie)

konv. Erzeugung
conv. prod. EE:
windWEA an Land
onshore EE: WEA
wind auf See
offshore EE: PVA
PV
EE:
otherSonstige
RES KWK (<= 50
CHP (<= 50 MW)
MW) Gesamtlast
load Residuallast
residual load

120
100
80
[GW]

60
Power [GW]

40
Leistung

20
0
-20
-40
Su 01.12. - Sa 07.12.
-60
9
Dynamics in Residual Loads
Increased gradients and power fluctuations

10
Bottleneck Distribution System
Grid structure with high RES penetration

11
Example: Limitations of the Network
Capacity
RES

Increasing RES

voltage / V
- - -
...
- - -
- - - ...

- - - ...
...
...

... New loads

Quelle: TU Dortmund
New loads RWE Deutschland AG
time / h
-
-
-
-

-
-
-
-
-
-

-
-

x x
-
-
-
-

-
-

Extension of grid limitations by

-
-
-
-

-
-

innovative grid components

and control strategies
12
Example: Local voltage fluctuation and
control
HV/MV MV/LV P-/Q-Control

G G G G

Generation >> Load

Voltage p.u. Upper Limit Regulated Distribution
Transformer
Control of active/reactive
Power (Power Electronics)
1

High load (w/o generation)

Lower Limit

13
 Passive Distribution Grids will be changed
into Active Distribution Grids
Challenges:
Active distribution grid
High penetration of active and volatile generation units
Active coordination and control of variable state of the
grid, stability, voltage variation etc is required in the grid
itself
No top-down planning is possible anymore
Ancillary services and active load management is required
Consideration of interaction between voltage levels (HV, MV,
LV)
Identification of control flexibility of distribution grid
Power Flow and voltage control through power electronic
Increased complexity of the low voltage (LV) grid
Sector coupling for more efficiency and control items
Electrical storage and Power-to-X (heat, gas)
conversion/storage is necessary 14
Innovative Opportunities vs Grid Expansion
Innov. Grid components

DSM
Storage
Technical
Regulation

15
The New Role of Power Electronics
IG Fuel
Cell Battery

IG Photovoltaic
IG
Redox Flow
Battery = = =
SG

Local grid
= LV
IG
= =
=
MV DC Link = Supracond.
MV Magnetic
Energy storage

HV Grid 1, f1 Grid 2, f2 HV

=
=
SG = HV DC Link
= = SG
Unified Power Railway 16
Compensator Factor Controller Grid STATCOM
The New Role of Storage Exchange control
between
+35 GW und -24 GW :
-
Need of energy storage systems: Scenario 85% RES

Pump hydro today

17
18
Integration of ICT in Energy Grids
Centralized
Protection and
Control
Control
Center
Power Plant

Centralized
Monitoring
and Control Layer

Wide-Area
Communication
Decentralized Layer
Substatio Protection
n and Control

Measurements and
Local Process Control Local Process Layer

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 Thank you for your attention!

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Johanna Myrzik TU Dortmund University

Phone number: + 49 231 755 2359
johanna.myrzik@tu-dortmund.de
Institute of Energy Systems, Energy Efficiency
and Energy Economics
Emil-Figge-Str. 70
44227 Dortmund (Germany)

From 1.March 2018 I will join the University Bremen

Department 1 Physics and Electrical Engineering
Institute of Automation 20