Today, A Gameboy for $50, has

more computing power than a

Cray supercomputer of only 25
years ago.

Tom Peters
Circle of Innovation
1
Information Technology
in the Digital Age

Chapters 3, 4, & 6

2
 James A. OBrien Introduction to Information Systems Eleventh Edition 3

Chapter Objectives
Identify the major types, trends, and uses
of computer systems.

Outline the major technologies and uses

of computer peripherals for input, output,
and storage.
Provide examples of the business value
of Internet, intranet, and extranet
applications.

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 James A. OBrien Introduction to Information Systems Eleventh Edition 4

Chapter Objectives
Describe several important trends
occurring in computer software.

Give examples of several major types of

application and system software.

Explain the purpose of several popular

software packages for end user
productivity and collaborative computing.

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 James A. OBrien Introduction to Information Systems Eleventh Edition 5

Chapter Objectives
Identify several major developments and
trends in the industries, technologies,
and business applications of
telecommunications and Internet
technologies.
Identify the basic components, functions,
and types of telecommunications
networks used in business.

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 The Digital Economy

The digital economy

refers to an economy that
is based on digital
technologies, including
digital communication
networks, computers, and
software.

The digital economy is

also sometimes called the
Internet economy, the
New economy, or the
Web economy.
6
IT Architecture
 Although there is always a need
for improved technology, the
critical resource is intelligent
resourceful people who can relate
business needs to technology.

James J. OConnor
8
Electronic Framework

9
 Information Architecture

Information architecture is a high-level map or plan of the

information requirements in an organization.

In preparing information architecture, the designer requires

two kinds of information:
1. The business needs of the organizationthat is, its objectives and
problems, and the contribution that IT can make.
2. The information systems that already exist in an organization and how
they can be combined among themselves or with future systems to
support the organizations information needs.

10
 Architecture Examples

APUs Enterprise Architecture

APUs Information Architecture

11
 Components of Information Systems
Hardware is a set of devices
such as processor, monitor,
keyboard, and printer.
Software is a set of
programs that enable the
hardware to process data.
Database is a collection of
related files, tables, relations,
and so on, that stores data.
Network is a connecting
system that permits the sharing
of resources between
computers.
Procedures are the set of
instructions about how to
combine the above
components.
People are those individuals
who work with the system or
use its output.
12
 James A. OBrien Introduction to Information Systems Eleventh Edition 13

Computer System Components

Central Processing Unit

Control Output
Output
Input Unit
ALU
Devices Devices
Devices

Special Primary
Cache
Purpose
Memory Storage
Processors

Secondary
Storage
Devices

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 Computers

Supercomputer
Main Frame
Mini Computer

Microcomputers / PCs

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 James A. OBrien Introduction to Information Systems Eleventh Edition 15

Microcomputer Systems
Handheld Computers
PDA, Information
Appliances
Notebook Computers
Desktop Computers
Workstations
SMART Cards
Network Server
Powerful microcomputer
used in small LANs

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 James A. OBrien Introduction to Information Systems Eleventh Edition 16

Name Common Input Devices ??

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 James A. OBrien Introduction to Information Systems Eleventh Edition 17

Common Input Devices

Keyboard
Pointing Devices
Pen Based Computing
Speech Recognition
Optical Scanning
Magnetic Ink Character
Recognition
Smart Cards
Digital Cameras

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 James A. OBrien Introduction to Information Systems Eleventh Edition 18

Input Technology Trends

First Second Third Fourth Fifth

Generation Generation Generation Generation Generation

Voice
Keyboard Data
Punched Recognition
Punched Key to Tape/ Entry
Cards Touch Devices
Cards Disk Pointing Devices
Paper Tape Handwriting
Optical Scanning
Recognition

Trend: Towards Direct Input Devices that Are More Natural

and Easy to Use

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 James A. OBrien Introduction to Information Systems Eleventh Edition 19

Name Common Output Devices??

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 James A. OBrien Introduction to Information Systems Eleventh Edition 20

Common Output Devices

Video Output
CRT
LCD
Printed Output
Inkjet
Laser

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 Communications Media

Audio Computer
Tape/cassette/record/CD/DVD Digital video interactive
Teleconference / Audio conference Compact disc interactive
Sound digitizing Computer simulation
Microphone Motion / Still image
Graphic materials Slides / Overheads
Pictures Videodisc (cassette)
Printed job aids Motion pictures
Visual Displays Broadcast television
Text Teleconference/videoconference
Printouts Animation & Virtual Reality
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 James A. OBrien Introduction to Information Systems Eleventh Edition 22

Output Technology Trends

First Second Third Fourth Fifth

Generation Generation Generation Generation Generation

Video Displays
Video Displays
Punched Cards Punched Cards Printed Reports Voice Responses
Audio Responses
Printed Reports Printed Reports and Documents Hyperlinked
Printed Reports
and Documents and Documents Video Displays Multimedia
and Documents
Documents

Trend: Towards Output Methods that Communicate Naturally,

Quickly, and Clearly

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Emerging Display's

OLED Organic light-

emitting diods

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 James A. OBrien Introduction to Information Systems Eleventh Edition 24

Primary & Secondary Storage Media

Semiconductor Direct
Memory Access
Magnetic
Disks
Floppy Disk
Hard Disk, RAID

Sequential
Magnetic Tape Access

Optical Disks
Direct
CD-ROM, CD-R
Access
CD-RW
DVD

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 James A. OBrien Introduction to Information Systems Eleventh Edition 25

Basic Components in a Telecommunications Network

Telecommunications 4
Processors
1

2 3 2 5
Telecommunications
Software

PCs, NCs, Telecommunications

and Other Channels and Media Computers
Terminals

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 Wire vs. Wireless Media

Wire
Wireless
Twisted pair wire Cellular radio
Coaxial cable Microwave transmission
Satellite transmission
Fiber optic cable Global positioning system
Radio & Infrared light
Bluetooth

26
 James A. OBrien Introduction to Information Systems Eleventh Edition 27

Telecommunications Strategic Capabilities

Overcome Geographic Barriers: Capture information about

business transactions from remote locations.

Overcome Time Barriers: Provide information to remote locations

immediately after it is requested.

Overcome Cost Barriers: Reduce the cost of more traditional

means of communications. Centralized Management

Overcome Structural Barriers: Support linkages for competitive

advantage.

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 Why Networks
Need to share data, software, and
hardware
Centralized management
Share access to outside sources

28
 Networks

WAN
LAN
PAN
VPN

29
 James A. OBrien Introduction to Information Systems Eleventh Edition 30

Local Area Networks

PC PC PC Shared
Database and
Software Packages

Network
Server
Shared
Printer

PC PC

Internetwork Processor to Other Networks

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 WANs

Network which extends geographical

boundaries - distance
Network which joins remote networks
use of 3rd party vendors
Network which extends existing
resources
Change of protocols

31
 James A. OBrien Introduction to Information Systems Eleventh Edition 32

Wide Area Networks

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 James A. OBrien Introduction to Information Systems Eleventh Edition 33

Other E-business Networks

The
Internet
Router
Extranet
Fire wall
Intranet
Server
Fire wall

Router
Intranet Host System
Server
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LAN vs WAN

34
 Equipment

Repeaters
Bridges (DSU/CSU)
Routers
Hubs / Switches
Interface Cards (NIC)

35
 Connectivity Technologies

Connectivity Services Connectivity Speeds

POTS 56 Kbps
xDSL T1 1.544 Mbps
ISDN T3 43.232 Mbps
Cable Modem OC3 155 Mbps
Frame Relay OC12 622 Mbps
Dedicated OC48 2.5 Gbit
OC192 9.6 Gbit
ATM

36
 Topology

The topology of a network is the physical

layout and connectivity of a network.

Ring topology

Bus topology

Star network

37
 James A. OBrien Introduction to Information Systems Eleventh Edition 38

Network Topologies

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WebHog

39
 James A. OBrien Introduction to Information Systems Eleventh Edition 40

The Internets TCP/IP

Application
Layer

Application or Presentation
Process Layer Layer
Session
Layer

Transport
Host-to-Host Transport Layer Layer
Network
Internet Protocol (IP) Layer
Data Link
Network Interface Layer
Physical
Physical Layer Layer
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 Types of Software

Application software - set of computer instructions that directs

computer hardware to perform specific processing activities.
General Purpose
Specific

Systems software - controls and supports the computer hardware

and its information processing activities between hardware and
applications.
System control programs
System support programs
System development programs
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 James A. OBrien Introduction to Information Systems Eleventh Edition 43

Categories of Computer Software

Computer
Software

Application System
Software Software

General- Application- System System

Purpose Specific Management Development
Programs Programs Programs Programs

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 James A. OBrien Introduction to Information Systems Eleventh Edition 44

Common General Purpose Applications

Electronic Mail
Word Processing
Presentation Graphics
Multimedia
Personal Information Manager
Groupware
Presence Awareness (IM)

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 James A. OBrien Introduction to Information Systems Eleventh Edition 45

Web Browsers

Launch
Discussion Surf the Net
Information
Groups Searches

Typical uses of a Web

Browser in Internet,
Intranet, and Extranet
Environments

Multimedia
File E-Mail
Transfer

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 Database Management Systems

The program (or group of programs) that provides access to a

database is known as a database management system
(DBMS).
There are many specialized databases, depending on the type or
format of data stored.
A geographical information database

A knowledge database

A multimedia database

48
 James A. OBrien Introduction to Information Systems Eleventh Edition 50

Multimedia Technologies
Video Capture Authoring
Card Language

Compact Disk
Storyboard
Interactive
Key
Sound Board Technologies Compressed
Audio
of
Multimedia
Computer
MIDI
Edit System

Interactive
Digital Audio
Video Digital Video
Interactive

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 James A. OBrien Introduction to Information Systems Eleventh Edition 52

Internet Applications

Surf and Download and

E-mail Computer

Popular Uses
Transfer
of the
E-Commerce Protocol (FTP)
Internet
and Telnet

Internet Chat
and Search Engines
Discussion Forums

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 James A. OBrien Introduction to Information Systems Eleventh Edition 53

Categories of Programming Languages

Machine Languages High Level Languages Markup Languages

Use binary coded Use brief statements Use embedded
instructions control codes
1001 1001 Compute X = Y + Z <H1>First heading</H>
1100 1101 <!ELEMENT Product
(#Item | manuf)>
Assembler Languages Fourth Generation Object-Oriented
Use symbolic coded Languages Languages
instructions Use natural statements Define objects that
contain data and actions
LOD Y SUM THE FOLLOWING
NUMBERS Document.write
ADD Z (Hi There)

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 Internet Oriented Languages

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) is the standard

language the Web uses for creating and recognizing
hypermedia documents.
Hypertext (hyperlinks.)
Uniform Resource Locators (URLs)
Dynamic HTML makes Web pages more like dynamic
applications and less like static content.
XML (eXtensible Markup Language) is a language for defining,
validating and sharing document formats.
Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) is a file format for
describing three-dimensional interactive worlds and objects.
54
 Internet Oriented Languages (cont.)

Java is an object-oriented programming language that gives

programmers the ability to develop applications that work across the
Internet.
JavaScript. is an object-oriented scripting language that allows users
to add some interactivity to their Web pages.
ActiveX is a set of technologies that combines different
programming languages into a single, integrated Web site.
ASP (Active Server Pages) is a Microsoft CGI-like technology that
allows you to create dynamically generated Web pages from the
server side using a scripting language.
PHP

55
 Corporate Portals

A corporate portal refers to a companys Web site that is used

as a gateway to the corporate data, information, and
knowledge. (Single Point of Entrance)
Knowledge bases and learning tools
Business process support
Customer-facing sales, marketing, and service
Collaboration and project support
Access to data from disparate corporate systems
Internal company information
Policies and procedures
Best practices and lessons learned
Human resources and benefits

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 James A. OBrien Introduction to Information Systems Eleventh Edition 58

Chapter Summary
A computer system is a system of information
processing components that perform input,
processing, output, storage and control functions.
Types of computers
Peripheral devices used for input and output
come in a variety shape and sizes. Future trends
are towards devices that communicate naturally
and are quick and easier to use.

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 James A. OBrien Introduction to Information Systems Eleventh Edition 59

Chapter Summary (cont)

Computer software consists of two major types
of programs: application software and system
software.
There are several basic types of telecomm
networks, including wide area networks (WANs)
and local area networks (LANs).

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 James A. OBrien Introduction to Information Systems Eleventh Edition 60

Chapter Summary
Organizations are becoming internetworked
enterprises that use the Internet, intranets, and
other telecommunications networks to support e-
business.
Telecommunications has entered a deregulated
and fiercely competitive environment with many
vendors, carriers, and services
A major trend is towards pervasive use of the
Internet and its technologies to build
interconnected enterprise and global networks.

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