SEALANTS

SEALANTS
A SUBSTANCE USED TO BLOCK THE PASSAGE OF
FLUIDS THROUGH THE SURFACE OR JOINTS OR
OPENINGS IN MATERIALS.
IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, SEALANT IS
SOMETIMES SYNONIMOUS WITH CAULKING AND
ALSO SERVES AS THE PURPOSE OF BLOCKING
DUST, SOUND, AND HEAT TRANSMISSION.
SEALANTS ARE NOT ADHESIVES BUT SOME HAVE
ADHESIVE QUALITIES CALLED ADHESIVE-SEALANTS
OR STRUCTURAL SEALANTS.
 HISTORY OF SEALANTS
SEALING IS AN AGE-OLD PROBLEM THAT DATES BACK TO OUR
EARLIEST ATTEMPTS TO CREATE A MORE COMFORTABLE LIVING
ENVIRONMENT. PREHISTORIC MAN USED NATURAL SEALANTS SUCH
AS EARTH, LOAM, GRASS, AND BITUMEN TO PROTECT THE INTERIOR
OF DWELLINGS AGAINST THE WEATHER.

THE EARLY 1950S SAW THE

APPLICATION OF THE NEW CONCEPT
OF CURTAIN-WALL CONSTRUCTION
IN HIGH-RISE STRUCTURES THROUGH
OUT THE WORLD.
 FUNCTIONS
IT FILLS A GAP BETWEEN TWO OR MORE SUBSTRATES.
IT FORMS A BARRIER THROUGH THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE
SEALANT ITSELF AND BY ADHESION TO THE SUBSTRATE.
IT MAINTAINS SEALING PROPERTIES FOR THE EXPECTED LIFETIME,
SERVICE CONDITIONS AND ENVIRONMENTS
 TYPES OF SEALANTS
1. SILICONE SEALANTS
DESIGNED TO BE USED TO SEAL OUT WATER.
2. EPOXY
IT IS THE SEALERS FOR CONCRETE.
3. BUTYL SEALANT
USED FOR SEALING JOINTS.
4. ELASTIC SEALANTS
TRANSPARENT SEALS GLASS, SEALING DOORS AND WINDOWS, ETC.
5. BITUMINOUS SEALANT
USED TO SEAL AND FILL CRACKS AND JOINTS IN BRIDGES, CONCRETE
AND ASPHALT PAVEMENTS
VARNISH
TRANSPARENT, PROTECTIVE FINISH THAT IS PRIMARILY USED IN WOODS.
COMMON AREAS OF USE
AUTOMOTIVE CASTING MARINE INDUSTRY
INDUSTRY CEMENT/CONCRETE MILITARY GRADE
ASPHALT ENGINES RADIATORS
PIPE THREADS GASKETS RESERVOIRS
AEROSPACE INDUSTRY GLASS ROOFS
AIRCRAFT HVAC SYSTEMS TIRES
AQUARIUMS HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS WOOD
 Aerospace Industry Marine Industry

HVAC System
Hydraulic System

Automotive Industry
ADHESIVE
 ADHESIVE
MAY BE USED INTERCHANGEABLY
WITH GLUE, CEMENT, MUCILAGE,
OR PASTE, AND IS ANY SUBSTANCE APPLIED
TO ONE SURFACE, OR BOTH SURFACES, OF
TWO SEPARATE ITEMS THAT BINDS THEM
TOGETHER AND RESISTS THEIR SEPARATION.
HISTORY OF ADHESIVES
THE ORIGINAL ADHESIVE WAS DEVELOPED BY THE CAVEMAN,
WHO MADE GLUE OUT OF ANIMAL HIDES AND PROTEINS.
WATER-BASED ADHESIVES (PVAC, WHITE GLUE, RESIN GLUE)
WERE INVENTED IN GERMANY DURING WORLD WAR I. IT IS
THE KEY INGREDIENT IN WOOD GLUE AND ELMERS GLUE.
HOT MELT ADHESIVES (ALSO KNOWN AS EVAS OR ETHYLENE
VINYL ACETATE) WERE INVENTED AROUND 1900, AND
PERFECTED AFTER WORLD WAR II DURING THE DEVELOPMENT
OF AUTOMATED PACKAGING LINES.
 TYROLEAN ICEMAN OR OTZI
IN 2000, A PAPER REVEALED THE DISCOVERY OF A
5,200 YEAR OLD MAN.
HE WAS PRESERVED IN A GLACIER NEAR THE
AUSTRIA-ITALY BORDER.
HIS BELONGINGS WERE FOUND WITH HIM
INCLUDING TWO (2) ARROWS WITH FLINT
ARROWHEADS AND A COPPER HATCHET, EACH WITH
EVIDENCE OF ORGANIC GLUE USED TO CONNECT
THE STONE OR METAL PARTS TO THE WOODEN
CRAFTS.
 THE NEXT PERIOD OF ACTIVITY IS FROM 1-500 A.D. WHEN THE
ROMANS AND GREEKS DEVELOPED THE ART OF VENEERING AND
MARQUETRY, WHICH IS THE BONDING OF THIN SECTIONS OR
LAYERS OF WOOD.
 CHARLES GOODYEAR
NATURAL RUBBER WAS FIRST USED AS
MATERIAL FOR ADHESIVES IN 1830.
HE DISCOVERED THAT A RUBBER AND
SULFUR MIXTURE WHEN HEATED,
BECOMES ELASTIC.
 TYPES OF ADHESIVES
ON BASIS OF CURING METHOD
 NON-REACTIVE
A NON-REACTIVE ADHESIVE IS ONE WHICH DOES NOT USE ANY
CHEMICAL REACTION IN THE GENERATION OF THE PROCESS OF
ADHESION, LIKE EPOXIES OR CYANATES (SUPER GLUE) YET STILL ADHERE
BY ELECTROSTATIC OR MECHANICAL INTERCALATION NOT REACTING
CHEMICALLY TO ADHERE TO THE SURFACE.
 DRYING

SOLVENT-BASED ADHESIVES
ARE A MIXTURE OF INGREDIENTS (TYPICALLY POLYMERS) DISSOLVED IN
A SOLVENT.
 POLYMER DISPERSION
ADHESIVES
ALSO KNOWN AS EMULSION ADHESIVES.
ARE MILKY-WHITE DISPERSIONS OFTEN BASED ON POLYVINYL
ACETATE (PVAC). THEY ARE USED EXTENSIVELY IN THE
WOODWORKING AND PACKAGING INDUSTRIES. THEY ARE ALSO
USED WITH FABRICS AND FABRIC-BASED COMPONENTS, AND IN
ENGINEERED PRODUCTS SUCH AS LOUDSPEAKER CONES.
 PRESSURE-SENSITIVE
ADHESIVES
PRESSURE-SENSITIVE ADHESIVE (PSA, SELF-ADHESIVE, SELF-STICK
ADHESIVE) IS ADHESIVE WHICH FORMS A BOND WHEN PRESSURE IS
APPLIED TO MARRY THE ADHESIVE WITH THE ADHERENT. NO SOLVENT,
WATER, OR HEAT IS NEEDED TO ACTIVATE THE ADHESIVE.
 HOT ADHESIVES
ALSO KNOWN AS HOT MELT ADHESIVES
ARE THERMOPLASTICS APPLIED IN MOLTEN FORM (IN THE 65180 C
RANGE) WHICH SOLIDIFY ON COOLING TO FORM STRONG BONDS
BETWEEN A WIDE RANGE OF MATERIALS.
 REACTIVE
ARE TYPICALLY CHARACTERIZED BY THE FORMATION OF PERMANENT
BONDS BETWEEN SUBSTRATES TO PROVIDE RESISTANCE TO
CHEMICALS, MOISTURE AND HEAT.
 ULTRAVIOLET (UV) LIGHT
CURING ADHESIVES
ALSO KNOWN AS LIGHT CURING MATERIALS
THIS PROCESS OF CURING REQUIRES LESS TIME AS COMPARED TO
HEAT CURED ADHESIVES AND THUS REDUCES THE OVERALL
PRODUCTION COST AND HENCE UV ADHESIVES ARE REPLACING
HEAT CURED ADHESIVES.
 HEAT CURING ADHESIVES

FOR ALL THE HEAT CURE ADHESIVES HIGHER TEMPERATURES WILL RESULT
IN FASTER CURE. LIMITATIONS ON CURE SPEED AR GENERALLY
DEPENDENT ON THE TEMPERATURES THAT THE UNITS AND COMPONENTS
ARE ABLE TO WITHSTAND.
 MOISTURE CURING ADHESIVES

ARE ADHESIVES THAT REQUIRE

MOISTURE TO TRIGGER THE
CURING REACTION.
TYPES OF ADHESIVES
ON BASIS OF ORIGIN
 NATURAL ADHESIVES

ARE MADE FROM ORGANIC

SOURCES SUCH AS NATURAL
RESINS AND DEXTRIN. THEY ARE
COMMONLY KNOWN AS BIO-
ADHESIVES.
 SYNTHETIC ADHESIVE
ARE THOSE THAT ARE NOT
FOUND IN NATURE AND ARE
DESIGNED AND MANUFACTURED
BY MAN, WE CAN SAY THAT
SYNTHETIC ADHESIVES ARE
ADHESIVES LABORATORY.
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
1. ADHESION TO A VARIETY OF SUBSTRATES ALLOWS BONDING OF
DISSIMILAR MATERIALS IF NECESSARY
2. HIGH COHESIVE STRENGTH IS DESIRABLE
3. FLEXIBILITY IMPROVES PEEL STRENGTH BY FLEXING WITH PEEL STRESS
4. HIGH ELASTIC MODULUS OF SUBSTRATE AND ADHESIVE RESISTS STRESS
AT THE BOND LINE
 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
5. HIGH DAMPING CAPACITY OF THE ADHESIVE DISSIPATES DYNAMIC
STRESSES OF VIBRATION, MOTION, & IMPACT THROUGHOUT THE BOND &
PEEL STRESSES AT THE BOND LINE
6. FLEXIBILITY AND DAMPING RESISTANCE RESISTS THERMAL EXPANSION
STRESSES WHEN THE COEFFICIENTS OF THERMAL EXPANSION ARE
DIFFERENT BETWEEN ADHESIVE AND SUBSTRATES
 ENVIRONMENTAL
RESISTANCE
1. RESISTS END-USE OR POST-PROCESSING TEMPERATURES TO MAINTAIN
ADHESIVE CHEMISTRY AND THE PHYSICAL BOND
2. WITHSTANDS PHYSICAL SHOCK AT A RANGE OF TEMPERATURES
3. MAINTAINS ADHESIVE PERFORMANCE DESPITE EXPOSURE TO UV LIGHT,
RAIN, SALT WATER, AND OTHER WEATHERING CONDITIONS
 CHEMICAL RESISTANCE
ABILITY TO WITHSTAND DEGRADATION FROM DIESEL FUEL, SOLVENTS
AND OTHER CHEMICALS
FAILURE OF ADHESIVE
JOINTS
FAILURE OF ADHESIVE JOINTS
MODE I IS AN OPENING OR TENSILE MODE WHERE THE LOADINGS ARE
NORMAL TO THE CRACK.
MODE II IS A SLIDING OR IN-PLANE SHEAR MODE WHERE THE CRACK
SURFACES SLIDE OVER ONE ANOTHER IN DIRECTION PERPENDICULAR TO
THE LEADING EDGE OF THE CRACK. THIS IS TYPICALLY THE MODE FOR
WHICH THE ADHESIVE EXHIBITS THE HIGHEST RESISTANCE TO FRACTURE.
MODE III IS A TEARING OR ANTIPLANE SHEAR MODE.
ar
THE MAJOR FRACTURE TYPES
ARE THE FOLLOWING:
COHESIVE FRACTURE
COHESIVE FRACTURE IS OBTAINED IF A
CRACK PROPAGATES IN THE BULK
POLYMER WHICH CONSTITUTES THE
ADHESIVE. FOR THIS LAST CASE, THE
COHESIVE FRACTURE CAN BE SAID TO
BE "COHESIVE NEAR THE INTERFACE".
ADHESIVE FRACTURE
ADHESIVE FRACTURE (SOMETIMES REFERRED
TO AS INTERFACIAL FRACTURE) IS WHEN
DEBONDING OCCURS BETWEEN THE
ADHESIVE AND THE ADHEREND. IN MOST
CASES, THE OCCURRENCE OF ADHESIVE
FRACTURE FOR A GIVEN ADHESIVE GOES
ALONG WITH SMALLER FRACTURE
TOUGHNESS.
 OTHER TYPES OF
FRACTURE
1. THE MIXED TYPE CAN BE
CHARACTERISED BY A CERTAIN
PERCENTAGE OF ADHESIVE AND
COHESIVE AREAS.
2. THE ALTERNATING CRACK PATH TYPE
WHICH OCCURS IF THE CRACKS JUMP
FROM ONE INTERFACE TO THE OTHER.
THIS TYPE OF FRACTURE APPEARS IN
THE PRESENCE OF TENSILE PRE-
STRESSES IN THE ADHESIVE LAYER.
3. FRACTURE CAN ALSO OCCUR IN
THE ADHEREND IF THE ADHESIVE IS
TOUGHER THAN THE ADHEREND.
METHODS TO IMPROVE
ADHESION
1. PLASMA
ACTIVATION (OR PLASMA
FUNCTIONALIZATION) IS A
METHOD OF SURFACE
MODIFICATION EMPLOYING PLASM
A PROCESSING, WHICH IMPROVES
SURFACE ADHESION PROPERTIES OF
MANY MATERIALS
2. FLAME TREATMENT, WITHOUT THIS
TREATMENT, ADHESIVES, INK, AND
OTHER COATINGS CANNOT BE
APPLIED TO THESE MATERIALS.
DESIGN OF ADHESIVE
JOINTS
 TWO ADERENDS (SUBSTRATE) MAY BE BONDED BY DIFFERENT WAYS SHOWN IN THE PICTURES:
BASIC RULES OF ADHESIVE JOINTS DESIGN

PEELING AND CLEAVAGE STRESSES SHOULD

BE MINIMAL;

SHEAR STRESS IS PREFERRABLE THAN

TENSION;

BONDING AREA SHOULD BE AS LARGE AS

POSSIBLE;

ADHESIVE LAYER THICKNESS SHOULD BE

MINIMAL AND UNIFORM.
 FOR MAXIMUM SHELF LIFE OF
PERMABOND CYANOACRYLATE ADHESIVES,
STORE UNOPENED CYANOACRYLATE AT 2C
(35F) TO 7C (45F). UNOPENED
CYANOACRYLATE PRODUCTS SHOULD BE
BROUGHT TO AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
BEFORE THE PACKAGE IS OPENED. ONCE
OPENED, THE PACKAGE SHOULD BE LEFT AT
AMBIENT TEMPERATURE. STORAGE BELOW
2C (36F) OR GREATER THAN 8C (46F)
CAN ADVERSELY AFFECT PRODUCT
PROPERTIES.
INSULATING
MATERIALS
 TYPES OF INSULATING
MATERIALS
BLANKET INSULATION
MOST COMMON TYPE OF INSULATION
WHICH IS USED IN THE HOME IS BLANKET
INSULATION WHICH USUALLY COMES IN
ROLLS WITH A FOIL BACKING. GLASS
WOOL INSULATION IS ONE OF THE
EASIEST MATERIALS TO INSTALL AND IS
THE MOST COST EFFECTIVE.
 ROCK MINERAL WOOL INSULATION
IS A MORE SOLID MATERIAL THAN GLASS
WOOL SO IS SUITABLE FOR SITUATIONS
WHERE THE MATERIAL MAY BE
COMPRESSED. ROCK MINERAL WOOL IS
A VERY EFFECTIVE FIRE SAFETY MEASURE
AS IT IS RESILIENT TO HEAT AND FIRE.
 SHEET LOFT INSULATION
COMES IN SHEETS AND IS USUALLY
USED TO INSULATE THE SLOPING SIDE
OF THE ROOF INSIDE A LOFT. THIS TYPE
OF INSULATION CAN BE MORE
EXPENSIVE AND IS ENERGY INTENSIVE
TO MANUFACTURE BUT HAS A HIGH
INSULATION VALUE.
 LOOSE FILL INSULATION
TAKES THE FORM OF SMALL
PARTICLES THAT FORM A MATERIAL
THAT CAN CONFORM TO ANY SPACE
WITHOUT DISTURBING STRUCTURES.
LOOSE-FILL WILL TYPICALLY BE
INSTALLED IN WALL CAVITIES AND
ATTICS/LOFTS AND IS INSTALLED VIA
A PIPE.
 STRUCTURAL INSULATED PANELS
ARE PREFABRICATED PANELS THAT CAN
BE USED IN WALL, ROOFS AND
FLOORS. THEY OFFER EXCELLENT
INSULATION IN COMPARISON WITH
TRADITIONAL METHODS. A STRUCTURAL
INSULATED PANEL WOULD IDEALLY BE
USED IN A NEW BUILD PROPERTY.
RIGID FOAM
IS A TYPE OF INSULATION THAT IS USED
WHERE WEIGHT IS IN NEED OF SUPPORT
LIKE UNDER A FLOOR OR IN LOFTS. AS WELL
AS HAVING RIGIDITY AND DURABILITY,
RIGID FOAM ALSO PROVIDES ACOUSTIC
INSULATION BY MINIMISING THE LEVEL OF
SOUND TRAVELLING THROUGH WALLS OR
RAISED FLOORS, SUCH AS IN FLATS ETC.
SPRAYED FOAM
IS ALSO A COMMON INSULATION AND WORKS
IN A SIMILAR WAY WITH LIQUID FOAM BEING
POURED OR INJECTED INTO PLACE INTO WALL
CAVITIES MAKING IT VERY VERSATILE. SPRAYED
IN FOAM IS INSTALLED USING A FOAMING
AGENT AND WILL EXPAND AND BECOME SOLID
AS THE MIXTURE CURES. SLOW CURING FOAMS
ARE AVAILABLE WHICH WILL FLOW AROUND
ANY OBSTRUCTIONS INSIDE THE WALL CAVITY
BEFORE HARDENING
 SHEEPS WOOL
A NEW KIND OF INSULATION PRODUCT WHICH
CAN BE USED FOR A VARIETY OF INSULATING
JOBS SUCH AS BETWEEN ROOF BEAMS, UNDER
FLOORS AND IN SOLID WALLS. SHEEP'S WOOL IS
AN EFFICIENT INSULATOR AND OFFERS AN
ALTERNATIVE TO MORE SYNTHETIC TYPES OF
INSULATION. WOOL INSULATION CAN LAST OVER
FIFTY YEARS AND IS ALSO TREATED AGAINST FIRE
AND TO BE RESISTANT AGAINST INSECTS
STEPS IN PUTTING THE
INSULATING
MATERIALS
 INSTALLING BATT
INSULATIONS

STEP 1
MEASURE THE TOTAL AREA OF THE
WALLS TO BE INSULATED
STEP 2
OPEN THE PACKAGES BY CUTTING LENGTHWISE THROUGH
THE SIDE PANEL. BE CAREFUL TO AVOID CUTTING THE
PRODUCT OR FACING. THE INSULATION WILL QUICKLY
EXPAND TO ITS FULL VOLUME WHEN THE BAG IS OPENED.
STEP 3
ROLLS MUST BE MEASURED AND CUT TO FIT INTO WALL
CAVITIES. CUT INSULATION ABOUT AN INCH WIDER THAN
THE SPACE USING A SHARP UTILITY KNIFE AGAINST A SAFE
BACKSTOP, SUCH AS AN UNFINISHED FLOOR OR OTHER
SMOOTH, FLAT SURFACE. ALWAYS CUT ON THE UNFACED
SIDE OF THE BATT.
STEP 4
GENTLY PUSH INSULATION INTO THE CAVITY SO THAT IT
SITS ALL THE WAY, ESPECIALLY AT THE CORNER AND EDGES.
THEN, FLUFF IT TO ITS FULL EXPANSION BY PULLING IT
FORWARD TO FILL THE DEPTH OF THE CAVITY. THE FIT
SHOULD BE SNUG.
STEP 5
ALLOW FRICTION TO HOLD THE INSULATION IN PLACE. OR
YOU CAN STAPLE THE FLANGES OF FACED INSULATION TO
THE INSIDES OR FACE OF THE JOISTS. (STAPLING ON THE
INSIDE IS PREFERRED BY MANY DRYWALLERS BECAUSE IT
LEAVES THE EDGES OF THE FRAMING MEMBERS EASIER TO
LOCATE.
STEP 6
APPLY VAPOR-RETARDANT POLY FILM OVER
BATTING FOR EXTERIOR WALLS. TO MAKE
EXTERNAL WALLS EXTREMELY INSULATED,
IT'S COMMON TO APPLY A LAYER OF
VAPOR-RETARDANT FILM OVER THE
INSULATION, TO MAKE IT MORE SECURE.
 INSTALLING SPRAY FOAM
INSULATION
STEP 1
MAKE SURE YOU HAVE A SUITABLE SPACE
FOR SPRAY FOAM. IF YOU WANT TO
INSULATE AN AREA IN YOUR CRAWL SPACE,
ATTIC, OR BASEMENT, SPRAY FOAM
INSULATION MIGHT BE APPROPRIATE FOR
THE JOB, USING A LOW-PRESSURE SPRAYER
AND THE PROPER SAFETY EQUIPMENT.
STEP 2
GET A LOW-PRESSURE SPRAYER. GENERALLY,
DISPOSABLE AND REFILLABLE SPRAY INSULATION
TANKS ARE SOLD AS PART OF A SPRAY FOAM
INSULATION KIT.
STEP 3
CHOOSE BETWEEN OPEN AND CLOSED-CELL
INSULATION SPRAY. CLOSED-CELL INSULATION IS RIGID
AND DENSE, WITH A HIGHER R-VALUE THAN OPEN-
CELL. THE ADVANTAGE OF OPEN-CELL IS THAT IT'S
SUPER-FAST AND CHEAP, INCLUDED IN MOST
INDIVIDUAL SMALL SPRAY CANS OF FOAM.
STEP 4
PREPARE THE AREA FOR INSULATION. REMOVE
EXPOSED NAILS, DEBRIS, AND OTHER IMPEDIMENTS
FROM THE WALLS TO BE INSULATED.
STEP 5
APPLY THE SPRAY FROM ABOUT TWO FEET AWAY.
DON'T GET TOO CLOSE, BUT STAND A FEW FEET
BACK AND SPRAY AS EVENLY AS YOU CAN, BACK
AND FORTH ACROSS THE AREA TO BE INSULATED. IF
YOU'RE SPRAYING INSIDE A WALL, COUNT TO THREE,
THEN STOP AND EXAMINE YOUR PROGRESS TO MAKE
SURE THAT YOU AREN'T OVER-FILLING THE WALL.
STEP 6
FIRE-SHEATH SPRAY-INSULATED WALLS. SPRAY
FOAM IS NOT A FINISHED SURFACE AND WILL
IGNITE QUICKLY IN THE EVENT OF A FIRE.
AFTER APPLYING, IT'S COMMON TO DRYWALL
OVER THE INSULATED AREA TO FINISH THE
JOB.
 ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES OF
INSULATION
MATERIALS
TYPES OF INSULATION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
MATERIALS

BATTS AND BLANKETS Comes in standard width and Have environmental issues
thickness, this assists the user such as the Phenolo
in getting the installation Formaldehyde which has
easier been associated with cancer.

LOOSE-FILL A fluffy materials in which Can loose its effectiveness

aids the installer getting when the weather gets
nooks and crannies filled. colder.

STRUCTURAL INSULATED Advertised as a superior Cost more, difficult to cut

PANELS energy saving product. therefore, tough to fit
around pipes.

The barrier it forms seals

cracks, and gaps that will Costly, but worth it.
SPRAY FOAM
prevent air leak.