ZT2253: Teori-Teori Emosi

Objektif Pembelajaran
Mengetahui dan memahami teori-teori
berkenaan bagaimana emosi terhasil dan
berfungsi
Memahami perbezaan dan persamaan di
antara teori-teori tersebut
Teori-teori berikut menjelaskan
BAGAIMANA emosi terbit
 Tiga Aliran Teori
Physiologically Oriented Theories
Cognitive Theories
Psychoanalytic Theory
 Physiologically Oriented Theories
Common Sense Theory
The James-Lange Theory
Psychobiological Theory
Cuba lihat gambar ini
 1. Common-sense theory
Situasi emosi reaksi tubuh

TAKUT

 2. James-Lange Theory
Dikemukakan oleh William James (1884)
dan Carl Lange (1887)

Premis: reaksi fisiologi menyebabkan

emosi
 James-Lange theory
Situasi reaksi tubuh emosi

TAKUT
 James-Lange theory

Body = emotion

Without the bodily states following on the perception, the

latter would be purely cognitive in form; pale, colorless,
destitute of emotional warmth. We might then see the
bear, and judge it best to run... But we should not actually
feel afraid. (William James, 1890)

James, 1890, v. 2, p. 449 (Gleitman)

 James-Lange theory

The perception of bodily changes IS the

emotion. Bayangkan naik roller-coaster
 James-Lange theory
Testing the theory:
Hypothesis 1: You need the body in order to feel
emotions.
Test: Interview people with high vs. low spinal
cord injuries

High spinal cord injury:

Sometimes I act angry... But it doesnt have the heat to
it that it used to. Its a mental kind of anger.

Hohman, 1966, pp. 150-151 (Carlson)

 James-Lange theory
Testing the theory:
Hypothesis 1: You need the body in order
to feel emotions.
Results 1: The body may be necessary to
have a full emotional experience.
 James-Lange theory
Testing the theory:
Hypothesis 2: All you need is your body
to know what emotion to feel.
 James-Lange theory
Situation bodily reaction emotion

FEAR
or

LOVE?
Sequence
 James-Lange theory
Testing the theory:
Hypothesis 1: You need the body in order to
feel emotions
Results 1: The body may be necessary to have a
full emotional experience.
Hypothesis 2: The body can tell you
precisely which emotion to feel.
Test: Gave people a dose of adrenaline:
I feel as if Im angry
 James-Lange theory
Testing the theory:
Hypothesis 1: You need the body in order
to feel emotions
Results 1: The body may be necessary to
have a full emotional experience.
Hypothesis 2: The body can tell you
precisely which emotion to feel.
Results 2: The body is not ALL that is
necessary to have a fully emotional
experience.
 3. Psychobiological Theory
Dikemukakan oleh Jack Panskepp (1982,
1992)
Premise: Basic emotions are related to
specific neural circuits &
neurochemicals (hormones)
He proposes 4 basic emotion (fear, rage,
panic and expectancy)
E.g. dopamine expectancy system
Acetylcholine rage system
SPRINAL CORD INJURIES AND EMOTIONALITY

Several studies
Decrease in emotionality
Greater when break is higher in spinal
cord
Other studies
No differences with these injuries
Intervening variables
Feedback from internal organs via
vagus nerve
Cranial nerve feedback from facial
muscles
 BRAIN AND EMOTIONS
Limbic System

Integrally involved in emotions

Heath study (1964)
Implanted electrodes in several
locations of brain
Used to treat epilepsy, sleep disorders,
pain
Stimulation of hypothalamus
General autonomic reaction
Pounding heart, feelings of warmth
Stimulation of septal area
Sensation of pleasure
Sexual fantasies and arousal
Amygdala
 BRAIN AND EMOTIONS
Amygdala
Functions
Receives input from all senses
Produces fear and anxiety
Targets several brain structures that produce
emotional responses
Rat study
Destruction of both amygdalas
Rats will approach and walk on sedated cat
Humans
Damage to both amygdalas
Unusually trusting of strangers
Difficulty recognizing fear in others
Respond only to simplest fear situations
Stimulate amygdala
Triggers fear
 BRAIN AND EMOTIONS
Prefrontal Cortex
Involved in emotions
Uses emotions to help in decision-making
Severing prefrontal cortex connection to
rest of brain
Blunts emotion
Impairs good decision-making
Some schizophrenics and depressives
Abnormal development or malfunction of
prefrontal area
Prefrontal lobotomies
Used mostly on schizophrenics
Often affected emotion and decision-
making
 BRAIN AND EMOTIONS
Right Hemisphere

Special role in emotional

expression and recognition
Involved in autonomic reactions to
emotional stimuli
Damage to right hemisphere
More likely to be impaired emotionally
Own speech is emotionless
More difficulty in recognizing emotions
in others
Tone of speakers voice
Descriptions of emotions of others
 Tiga Aliran Teori
Physiologically Oriented Theories
Cognitive Theories
Psychoanalytic Theory
 2: Cognitive Theories
a. Cannon-Bard Theory

b. Schachters Cognitive Labeling Theory

(Teori Pelabelan Kognitif Schachter)

c. Lazarus Cognitive Appraisal Theory

(Teori Penilaian Kognitif Lazarus)
 a. The Cannon-Bard Theory
Dikemukakan oleh Walter Cannon (1929)
dan Phillip Bard (1928)
Premise: Internal or external stimuli lead
to sensory impulses that are sent to the
cortex of the brain & then sensation of
emotion is produced.
A stimulus simultaneously lead to both
body responses and emotional
sensation
 Description
When a stimulating event happens, we
feel emotions and physiological changes
(such as muscular tension, sweating, etc.)
at the same time.
The sequence thus is as follows:
Event ==> Simultaneous arousal and
emotion
 Cannon-Bard theory
Situation bodily reaction + emotion

FEAR
 In neurobiological terms, the thalamus receives
a signal and relays this both to the amygdala,
which is connected with emotion. The body then
gets signals via the autonomic nervous system
to tense muscles, etc.

This was a refutation of the James-Lange theory

(which proposed that emotions followed arousal)
by Cannon and Bard in the late 1920s.
 Example
I see a bear. I feel afraid. I tense in
readiness to run away.
Watch for emotions as displayed in
physiological signals.
Ada elemen persepsi
Sequence
 b. Schachters Cognitive
Labeling Theory
Dikemukakan oleh Stanley Schachter
(1962)
Asasnya menyokong James-Lange theory
tetapi memasukkan pelabelan atau
penilaian kognitif kepada reaksi tubuh
yang berkaitan
 Teori Schachter
Situasi reaksi tubuh emosi
+ penilaian kognitif

FEAR

LOVE
 Common-sense theory
Situation emotion bodily reaction

FEAR
 Dibandingkan
James-Lange theory
Situation bodily reaction emotion

FEAR
 The Schachter theory
Situation bodily reaction emotion
+ cognitive appraisal

FEAR

 The Schachter theory
Testing the theory:
Hypothesis: The same bodily reaction
will cause one emotion in one situation,
and another emotion in a different
situation.
Give people a dose of adrenaline;
Put them in different situations;
What happens?
FEAR LOVE
 Schachter and Singers
Experimental Design
Euphoria Anger
Placebo Placebo
Epinephrine Informed Epinephrine Informed
Epinephrine Epinephrine
Uninformed Uninformed
Epinephrine
Misinformed
 The Schachter theory
Testing the theory:
Schachter & Singer 1962:
(didnt take pill) (know what
pill does)

VERY ANGRY! Medium angry! Least angry

VERY EXCITED! Medium excited! Least excited

 Implications

(1) In the event that an individual has no causal

explanation for an arousal state he or she will
label arousal in terms of available cognitions.
(2) In the event that an individual has
appropriate explanation for arousal alternative
cognitive labeling will be unlikely.
(3) Under identical cognitive circumstances an
individual will only respond with emotional
experience to the degree that he or she is
physiologically excited.
 Emotion is a composite of arousal and a
hypothesis about what caused the arousal.

We see ourselves as experiencing, and

we experience, whatever emotion is
appropriate to the hypothesis.
Lazarus Cognitive Appraisal Theory

Dikemukakan oleh Richard Lazarus (1991)

3 komponen kognitif dalam emosi:

1. Cognitive appraisal
2. Action impulses
3. Patterned somatic (bodily) reactions
 1. Cognitive appraisal
Primary appraisal - menilai signifikan
rangsangan (dengan berfikir) dalam
kaitannya dengan kesejahteraan diri.
Secondary appraisal menilai
kemungkinan (dengan berfikir) bagaimana
mengatasi sebarang stress dari emosi
yang terbit
 2. Action Impulses
Melibatkan pemprosesan kognitif tentang
reaksi tingkahlaku yang patut
Berfikir tentang apa yang harus dilakukan
Contohnya: Jika terperanjat, nak lari?
Menjerit?
 3. Patterned somatic reactions
Physiological responses that
accompany and are a part of the overall
emotional experience.

E.g. kalau takut, berpeluh atau mengigil

 Lazarus when we are emotionally
arouses, we engage in coping process
Coping process thought and behaviors
that represent attempts to reduce stress
2 cara coping:
Palliation
Direct action
 Palliation defensive process in which we
alter our own reactions to emotional
events
Direct action to cope with emotion

Contoh bila STRESS

Stress

Stress
the process by
which we
perceive and
respond to
certain events,
called stressors,
that we appraise
as threatening or
challenging
 Stress Appraisal

Appraisal Response

Threat
(Alamak, Panic, freeze up
susahnya!)

Stressful event
(tough math test)

Challenge
(Saya kena
Aroused, focused
cuba sedaya
upaya)
 Perbandingan Schachter dan Lazarus

Lazarus : all emotions are products of

cognitive activity

Schachter : all emotions share a general

state of physiological arousal that is made
emotionally specific by the cognitive
labeling process
Our response to threat

BAHAYA

Slide
1.7
 Feelings/emotions
happiness

sadness

disgust

surprise

panic fear anxiety

anger
Slide
1.8
So, in general, we have 2
parts of the brain
1. Thinking part
2. Feeling part
 Fight or flight?

thinking part of brain

feeling part of brain

Slide
1.9
 Fight or flight?

thinking part of brain

feeling part of brain

Quick Response:
Fight or Flight
Slide
1.9 1.9
61
 Fight or flight?

thinking part of brain

feeling part of brain

Quick Response:
Fight or Flight
Slide
1.9
Overwhelmed by emotions

Thinking
part of
brain
Emotional
part of brain

Slide
1.10
Overwhelmed by emotions

irritable

Slide
1.10
Overwhelmed by emotions

irritable

Slide
1.10
Overwhelmed by emotions

Interprets
everything
negatively

Slide
1.10
 Overwhelmed by
emotions

Emosi mengatasi akal Slide

1.10
Bila tenang
Relax, distract or exercise

Slide
1.11
 Kesimpulan
1. The Common-Sense theory
Nickname: feelings make us behave
2. The James-Lange theory
Nickname: behavior makes us feel
3. The Schachter theory
Nickname: interpretation is key