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Fluid Mechanics II

ME2213

Boundary Layer Theory


What are we doing?
We are starting the practical application of boundary layers
The main engineering context for considering boundary layers
is to determine the friction caused by fluid passing over solid
surfaces
With some minor simplifications, a useful formula can be
derived

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Prandtl/Blasius boundary layer solution
No one yet able to obtain analytical solution to the boundary
layer flow for flow past any shaped body !
Prandtl impose certain approximations and simplify the
governing equations describing the boundary layer flow
For steady, 2D laminar flows with negligible gravitational effects, the
governing equations reduces to

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Prandtl/Blasius boundary layer solution
Since BL is very thin compared to growth length along the surface:

Pressure is constant throughout the laminar flow over flat plate


Applying these assumptions

Those are the boundary layer equations which are nonlinear PDE and
analytical solutions are extremely difficult to obtain
Boundary conditions for the boundary layer equations

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Prandtl/Blasius boundary layer solution
Blasius was able to solve the simplified equations for the flow
past a flat plate parallel to flow
Applied a coordinate transformation and change of variable to reduce
the PDE to an ODE
Based on the insight that velocity profile on a flat plate is the same
regardless of location along the plate in dimensionless form

where g(y/) is an unknown function to be determined


Applied order of magnitude analysis of the forces acting on fluid
within the boundary layer gives boundary layer thickness as

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Prandtl/Blasius boundary layer solution
Introduced the dimensionless similarity variable

and the stream function,


where is an unknown function
Velocity components for 2D flow in terms of the stream function

Substituting the velocity components into boundary layer equations


provides the following nonlinear ODE

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Prandtl/Blasius boundary layer solution
Boundary conditions can be written as

So, the original PDE and BCs is reduced to


an ODE by use of the similarity variable
Blasius solution (numerical) of the ODE in
terms of dimensionless boundary layer
profile, is sketched as
From the solution,

Thus, boundary layer thickness

or

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Prandtl/Blasius boundary layer solution
The displacement thickness

Momentum thickness

Therefore, the Blasius solution is valid for large Reynolds


number so that the boundary layer is very thin

Show that the wall shear stress can be obtain from the Blasius
solution as

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Momentum integral equation method
Blasius solution analysed a simplest case (constant free stream
velocity and pressure, laminar flow) of a boundary layer on flat
plate
This method analyse the general case:
For laminar and turbulent boundary layers,
For free-stream velocity and pressure are known functions of position
along the surface (such as on the curved surface of an airfoil)
Approach is to apply the basic equations (continuity and
momentum) to a control volume

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Momentum integral equation method
Assume incompressible, steady, 2D flow over a solid object
with no body forces parallel to the surface
The boundary layer thickness , grows in some manner with
increasing distance x
A differential control volume abcd of length dx, width w, and
height (x) is chosen

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Momentum integral equation method
Determine the mass flux across each of the control surfaces
Used conservation of mass equation in integral form

For steady, 2D flow

Since CS ad is adjacent to a solid boundary, there will not be flow


across it, hence

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Momentum integral equation method
Surface ab located at x

Surface cd is located at x+dx. Expanding in a Taylor series at x

hence

Surface bc

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Momentum integral equation method
Momentum fluxes and forces associated with control volume
abcd are related by momentum equation
Momentum equation in x-direction

Applying the assumptions to the basic equation

or

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Momentum integral equation method
Surface ab located at x

Surface cd is located at x+dx. Expanding x momentum flux in a Taylor


series at x

hence

The mass crossing surface bc with velocity U in the x direction, the x


momentum flux across bc is

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Momentum integral equation method
So, the net x momentum flux through the control surface

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Momentum integral equation method
Now determine the surface forces acting on the control volume
in x-direction
Surface forces includes the pressure force in all surfaces as
well as the shear force on surface ad
Shear force acting along surface bc is negligible due to zero
velocity gradient at boundary layer edge
Surface ab: Pressure at x is p, so the force

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Momentum integral equation method
Surface cd: Expanding in a Taylor series, pressure at x+dx is

Force,

Surface bc: Average pressure acting over the surface

x component of pressure force

Surface ad: average shear force acting on the surface

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Momentum integral equation method
Total surface acting in x-direction on the control volume

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Momentum integral equation method
Substituting the net momentum flux and the total surface forces
into the x momentum equation

Dividing this equation by wdx gives

This is the momentum integral equation that gives a relation


between the x components of the forces acting in a boundary
layer and the x momentum flux

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Momentum integral equation method
Applying Bernoulli equation to the inviscid flow outside the
boundary layer gives

and recognise that

Since

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Momentum integral equation method
The momentum integral equation, we obtain

Using the definitions of displacement thickness and momentum


thickness
2

= +

This is the momentum integral equation for both laminar and turbulent
boundary layer thickness as a function of x over any shaped object

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Momentum integral equation method
To use this equation to estimate the boundary-layer thickness as
a function of x, must need to
1. Obtain an approximation to free-stream velocity distribution, U(x)
which is determined from inviscid flow theory and depends on
body shape
2. Assume a reasonable velocity-profile shape inside the boundary
layer
3. Derive an expression for wall shear stress, w using the results
obtained from item 2

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Momentum integral equation for flat plate
For a flat plate, free-stream pressure p and velocity U are both
constant, so
U(x) = U = constant ( Item 1)
The momentum integral equation then reduces to

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Momentum integral equation for flat plate
Velocity distribution, u/U in boundary layer is assumed to be
similar for all values of x and normally is specified as a
function of y/
So define

Differentiating, Note: is a function of x only


The momentum integral equation for zero pressure gradient is

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Momentum integral equation for flat plate
Laminar flow
For laminar flow over a flat plate, a reasonable assumption for
the velocity profile is a polynomial in y

The physical boundary conditions are

Evaluating constants a, b, and c gives

( Item 2)

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Momentum integral equation for flat plate
Laminar flow
Wall shear stress is given by

Substituting the assumed velocity profile in

(Item 3)
Now the momentum integral equation

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Momentum integral equation for flat plate
Laminar flow
Substituting for and u/U into momentum integral equation
1
2 2

= 2 2 1 2 + 2

0
1
2 2 3 4
2
= 2 5 + 5

0
2 2
=
15
15
=

Integrating again gives
2 15
= +
2

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Momentum integral equation for flat plate
Laminar flow
At = 0, = 0, then = 0 gives,
30
=

Laminar boundary layer thickness grows as
and it has parabolic shape
In dimensionless form
30 5.48
= =

It has the same form of as the Blasius exact solution:
Only about 10% error compared to exact solution

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Momentum integral equation for flat plate
Laminar flow
Once the boundary layer thickness, , all details of the flow
may be determined
The wall shear stress or skin friction coefficient

=
1 2

2
Substituting and then / gives

0.730
=

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Momentum integral equation for flat plate
Laminar flow
The viscous drag force on the surface can be evaluated by
integrating over the area of the flat plate, knowing

= = b dx
0
where, A is plate surface area, b width, and L length of the plate

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Momentum integral equation for flat plate
Laminar flow
Based on other approximate velocity profiles, the boundary
layer thickness and skin friction coefficient over flat plate are

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Momentum integral equation for flat plate
Laminar flow
Problem
A thin flat plate is installed in a water tunnel as a splitter. The plate is 0.3 m
long and 1 m wide. The free-stream speed is 1.6 m/s. Laminar boundary layers
form on both sides of the plate. The boundary-layer velocity profile is
approximated as parabolic. Determine the total viscous drag force on the plate
assuming that pressure drag is negligible.

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Momentum integral equation for flat plate
Laminar flow

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