Transformers

SELF INDUCTANCE

N 2
L L
N
i i
di
eL
dt
 Mutual Inductance

11 22
L1 L2
i1 21 N 2 K1 i2
M
i1 i1
12 N 1 K 2
M
i2 i2
M
K
L1 L 2
 Dot Convention

Aiding fluxes are produced by currents

entering like marked OR dotted terminals.
 Magnetic Flux
Magnetic flux, , in webers, Wb. Current entering "dots"
produce fluxes that add.

i1 i2
+ +
v1 N1 N2 v2
- -

11 flux in coil 1 produced by current in coil 1

12 flux in coil 1 produced by current in coil 2
21 flux in coil 2 produced by current in coil 1
22 flux in coil 2 produced by current in coil 2
1 total flux in coil 1 11 12
2 total flux in coil 2 21 22
 Mutual Inductance
i1 i2
+ +
v1 N1 N2 v2
- -

Faraday's Law
d1 d d
v1 (t ) N1 N1 11 N1 12
dt dt dt
In linear range, flux is proportional to current

di1 di
v1 (t ) L11 L12 2
dt dt

self-inductance mutual inductance

6
 Mutual Inductance
i1 i2
+ +
v1 N1 N2 v2
- -

di1 di2
v1 (t ) L11 L12
dt dt
di1 di
di di v1 (t ) L1 M 2
v2 (t ) L21 1 L22 2 dt dt
dt dt
di1 di2
Linear media v2 (t ) M L2
dt dt
L12 L21 M
Let L2 L22 L1 L11
7
 Ideal Transformer - Voltage
d
i1 i2 v1 (t ) N1
dt
+ +
AC v1 N1 N2 v2 Load
- -

1

N1 v1 (t )dt
This changing flux through coil 2
induces a voltage, v2 across coil 2 d
v2 (t ) N 2
dt

d
N2 N2
v1 N1 dt

N1 v2 v1 Turns ratio n
v2 N 2 d N 2 N1 N1
dt
 Ideal Transformer - Current
i1 i2 Magnetomotive force, mmf

F Ni
+ +
AC v1 N1 N2 v2 Load
- -

The total mmf applied to core is F N1i1 N2i2 R

For ideal transformer, the reluctance R is zero.

N1i1 N 2i2 i2
N1
i1
N2
 Ideal Transformer - Power
i1 i2
+ +
AC v1 N1 N2 v2 Load P vi
- -

Power delivered to primary Power delivered to load

P1 v1i1 P2 v2i2

N2
v2 v1 i2
N1
i1 P2 v2i2 v1i1 P1
N1 N2

Power delivered to an ideal transformer by the source is transferred

to the load.
 Transformer Summary
1. Transformers will work only with AC supply. There is
no rotating parts. Only the flux is changing
(alternating) and the conductor is stationary. Hence it
is statically induced emf (self induced emf and mutual
induced emf )

2. We assumed that all of the flux links all of the windings of

both coils. Thus, the voltage across each coil is
proportional to the number of turns on the coil.

v 2 t v1 t
N2
N1
2. We assumed that the reluctance of the
core is negligible, so the total mmf of both
coils is zero.
i2 t i2 t
N1
N2
3. A consequence of the voltage and
current relationships is that all of the
power delivered to an ideal transformer
by the source is transferred to the load.
P1 P2
TRANSFORMER
CIRCUIT REPRESENTATION
 BASICS
A transformer is a static device which uses the
phenomenon of mutual induction to change the
values of alternating voltages and currents.
One of the main advantages of a.c. transmission
and distribution is the ease with which an
alternating voltage can be increased or
decreased by transformers.
Losses in transformers are generally low and thus
efficiency is high.
Being static they have a long life and are very
stable.
 Transformer
principle of operation
When the secondary is an open-circuit and an alternating voltage V1
is applied to the primary winding, a small currentcalled the no-load
current I0flows, which sets up a magnetic flux in the core. This alternating
flux links with both primary and secondary coils and induces in them e.m.f.s of
E1 and E2 respectively by mutual induction.
The induced e.m.f. E in a coil of N turns is given by
 principle of operation

V1/V2 is called the voltage ratio and N1/N2 the turns ratio, or the
transformation ratio of the transformer.

If N2 is less than N1 then V2 is less than V1 and the device is termed

a step-down transformer.

If N2 is greater then N1 then V2 is greater than V1 and the device is termed a

step-up transformer.
 principle of operation

When a load is connected across the secondary winding, a current I2

flows. In an ideal transformer losses are neglected and a transformer is
considered to be 100% efficient.

Hence input power = output power, or V1I1 = V2I2, i.e., in an ideal

transformer, the primary and secondary volt-amperes are equal.
 principle of operation

The rating of a transformer is stated in terms of the volt-amperes that

it can transform without overheating.

the transformer rating is either V1I1 or V2I2, where I2 is the full-load

secondary current.
 Ideal Transformer
no-load phasor diagram
 no-load phasor diagram

The core flux is common to both primary and secondary windings in

a transformer and is thus taken as the reference phasor in the diagram.

On no-load the primary winding takes a small no-load current I0 and since,
with losses neglected, the primary winding is a pure inductor, this current lags
the applied voltage V1 by 90.

Assuming no losses, current I0 produces the flux and is drawn in phase with
the flux.

The primary induced e.m.f. E1 is in phase opposition to V1 (by Lenzs law)

and is shown 180 out of phase with V1 and equal in magnitude. The
secondary induced e.m.f. is shown for a 2:1 turns ratio transformer.
 practical transformer

A no-load phasor diagram for a practical

transformer is shown.

If current flows then losses will occur.

When losses are considered then the
no-load current I0 is the phasor sum
of
two components
(i) IM , the magnetizing component, in
phase with the flux, and
(ii) IC , the core loss component
(supplying the hysteresis and eddy
current losses).
on-load phasor diagram
Transformer
construction
Transformer windings are usually of
enamel-insulated copper or aluminium.

Cooling is achieved by air in small

transformers and oil in large transformers.
 Transformer
construction
There are broadly two types of single-phase
double-wound transformer constructions
the core type and the shell type, as
shown. The low and high voltage windings
are wound as shown to reduce leakage
flux.
 TYPES of Transformer
For power transformers, rated possibly at several MVA and
operating at a frequency of 50 Hz in, the core material used is usually
laminated silicon steel or stalloy, the laminations reducing eddy
currents and the silicon steel keeping hysteresis loss to a minimum.

Large power transformers are used in the main distribution

system and in industrial supply circuits. Small power transformers
have many applications, examples including welding and rectifier
supplies, domestic bell circuits, imported washing machines, and
so on.
 Types
For audio frequency (a.f.) transformers,
rated from a few mVA to no more than 20
VA, and operating at frequencies up to
about 15 kHz, the small core is also made
of laminated silicon steel.

A typical application of a.f. transformers is in

an audio amplifier system.
 Types
Radio frequency (r.f.) transformers, operating in the MHz
frequency region have either an air core, a ferrite core or a dust
core.

Ferrite is a ceramic material having magnetic properties

similar to silicon steel, but having a high resistivity.

Dust cores consist of fine particles of carbonyl iron or permalloy (i.e.

nickel and iron), each particle of which is insulated from its
neighbour.

Applications of r.f. transformers are found in radio and television

receivers.