Magnetism

All of us are familiar with magnets. In a magnet we

have magnetic poles the north and the south pole.

A North seeking pole is called the North Pole.

A South seeking pole is called the South Pole.

Like magnetic poles repel and unlike magnetic poles

attract.
 Every magnet has ends, or poles, about which the
magnetic properties seem to be concentrated. As this
photo shows, more iron filings are attracted to the poles,
revealing their location.
 Magnetic Fields:

A magnet that is moved in space near a second magnet

experiences a magnetic field.

A magnetic field can be represented by field lines.

The strength of the magnetic field is greater where the

lines are closer together and weaker where they are
farther apart.
These lines are a map of the magnetic field around a bar
magnet. The needle of a magnetic compass will follow the
lines, with the north end showing the direction of the
field.
 The Source of Magnetic Fields:

Permanent Magnets:
Moving electrons produce magnetic fields.

In most materials these magnetic fields cancel one

another and neutralize the overall magnetic effect.

In other materials such as iron, cobalt, and nickel, the

atoms behave as tiny magnets because of certain
orientations of the electrons inside the atom.

These atoms are grouped in a tiny region called the

magnetic domain.
Our Earth is a big magnet.

The Earths magnetic field is thought to originate with

moving charges.

The core is probably composed of iron and nickel,

which flows as the Earth rotates, creating electrical
currents that result in the Earths magnetic field.
The earth's magnetic field.
Note that the magnetic north
pole and the geographic
North Pole are not in the
same place.
Note also that the magnetic
north pole acts as if the south
pole of a huge bar magnet
were inside the earth. You
know that it must be a
magnetic south pole since the
north end of a magnetic
compass is attracted to it and
opposite poles attract.
A bar magnet cut into halves always makes new, complete
magnets with both a north and a south pole. The poles
always come in pairs. You can not separate a pair into
single poles.
Electric Currents
and
Magnetism
Oersted discovered that a
compass needle below a wire
(A) pointed north when
there was not a current,
(B) moved at right angles
when a current flowed one
way, and
(C) moved at right angles in
the opposite direction when
the current was reversed.
(A) In a piece of iron, the magnetic domains have random
arrangement that cancels any overall magnetic effect (not
magnetic).
(B) When an external magnetic field is applied to the iron, the
magnetic domains are realigned, and those parallel to the field
grow in size at the expense of the other domains, and the iron
becomes magnetized.
A magnetic
compass
shows the
presence and
direction of the
magnetic field
around a
straight length
of current-
carrying wire.
Use (A) a right-hand rule of thumb to determine the
direction of a magnetic field around a conventional
current and
(B) a left-hand rule of thumb to determine the direction of a
magnetic field around an electron current.
When a current is run
through a cylindrical coil
of wire, a solenoid, it
produces a magnetic
field like the magnetic
field of a bar magnet.
The solenoid is known as
electromagnet.
 Applications of Electromagnets:
Electric Meters:

The strength of the magnetic field produced by an

electromagnet is proportional to the electric current in the
electromagnet.

A galvanometer measures electrical current by measuring

the magnetic field.

A galvanometer can measure current, potential difference,

and resistance.
A galvanometer measures the direction and relative
strength of an electric current from the magnetic field
it produces. A coil of wire wrapped around an iron core
becomes an electromagnet that rotates in the field of a
permanent magnet. The rotation moves pointer on a scale.
 Electric Motors:
An electrical motor is an electromagnetic device that
converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.

A motor has two working parts - a stationary magnet

called a field magnet and a cylindrical, movable
electromagnet called an armature.

The armature is on an axle and rotates in the magnetic

field of the field magnet.

The axle is used to do work.

Electromagnetic Induction
 Induced Current:
If a loop of wire is moved in a magnetic field a voltage
is induced in the wire.
The voltage is called an induced voltage and the resulting
current is called an induced current.
The induction is called electromagnetic induction.

A current is induced in a
coil of wire moved
through a magnetic field.
The direction of the
current depends on the
direction of motion.
 The magnitude of the induced voltage is proportional to:

The number of wire loops cutting across the

magnetic field lines.

The strength of the magnetic field.

The rate at which magnetic field lines are cut by

the wire.

Applications:
DC and AC Generators,
Transformers (step-up and step-down).