WORLD MARITIME UNIVERSITY

MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL LAW

- the CONVENTIONS
The International Maritime Organization
is the United Nations specialized agency
with responsibility for the safety and
security of shipping and the prevention
of marine and air pollution by ships.

Ultimate goal:

MARITIME
SAFETY
and
SECURITY
for the
PROTECTION
of
HUMAN BEING,
ENVIRONMENT,
SHIP
 Maritime safety, security and clean oceans

MARPOL
MARPOL

CREW SEAWORTHNESS WORKING CARGO

ENVIRINMENT BALLAST
STCW SOLAS
ILO 147 ICLL
 For maritime safety, security and clean oceans

CARGO
BALLAST WORKING
ENVIRINMENT

SEAWORTHNESS
CREW

Prevention of Marine Pollution

Ship
VOC SOx NOx Etc.
recycling
Harmful BallastAnti- fouling
Oil Sewage Garbage
substances water paints
 Articles of MARPOL 1973/1978

Article I General obligations under the Convention

The Contracting Governments undertake to give effect to the
provisions of the present Convention and those Annex
thereto which they are bound, in order to prevent the
pollution of the marine environment by the discharge of
harmful substances or effluents containing such substances
in contravention of the Convention
Article II
Application
The present Convention shall apply to ships entitled to fly the flag
of a Party to the Convention.

5
 UNCLOS

The legal framework

United Nations Convention on the

Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982

MARPOL 1973/1978, as amended

SOLAS 1974, as amended
STCW Convention 1978, as amended
Ballast water management
Anti-fouling systems
Recycling of ships
Dumping Conv
OPRC / HNS
 United Nations Convention on the
Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982
UNCLOS 1982

Part VII High seas

Art. 92: Status of ships
Art. 94: Duties of the Flag State

Part XII Protection and preservation of the marine

environment
Art. 211: Pollution from vessels
Art. 217: Enforcement by flag State
Art. 219: Measures relating to seaworthiness of
vessels to avoid pollution
 UNCLOS Part XII Protection and preservation of the marine environment

Art. 211: Pollution from vessels

1. States shall establish international rules and standards to

prevent, reduce and control pollution of the marine environment
from vessels.

2. States shall adopt laws and regulations for the prevention,

reduction and control of pollution of the marine environment
from vessels flying their flag. Such laws and regulations shall at
least have the same effect as that of generally accepted
international rules and standards established through the
competent international organization.
 UNCLOS Part XII Protection and preservation of the marine environment

Art. 211: Pollution from vessels

5. Coastal States, may in their exclusive economic zones adopt

laws and regulations for the prevention, reduction and control of
pollution from (foreign) vessels conforming to and giving effect
to generally accepted international rules and standards
established through the competent international organization or
general diplomatic conference.

6. If the coastal States intend to adopt additional laws and

regulations for the prevention, reduction and control of pollution
from vessels, they shall notify the organization.
Such additional laws and regulations shall not require foreign
vessels to observe design, construction, manning or equipment
standards other than generally accepted international rules and
standards (OPERATIONAL REGULATIONS only)
 UNCLOS Part XII Protection and preservation of the marine environment
Art. 217: Enforcement by flag State

States shall ensure compliance by vessels flying their flag with

applicable international rules and standards, established through
IMO, and with their laws and regulations adopted in accordance
with this Convention and shall adopt laws and regulations and
take other measures necessary for their implementation. Flag
States shall provide for the effective enforcement of such rules,
standards, laws and regulations, irrespective of where a violation
occurs.

States shall take appropriate measures in order to ensure that vessels

flying their flag are prohibited from sailing, until they can
proceed to sea in compliance with the requirements of the
international rules and standards (in respect of design,
construction, equipment and manning).
 UNCLOS Part XII Protection and preservation of the marine environment
Art. 217: Enforcement by flag State

States shall ensure that vessels flying their flag carry onboard
certificates required by the international rules.

States shall ensure that vessels flying their flag are periodically
inspected in order to verify that such certificates are in
conformity with the actual condition of the vessels.

These certificates shall be accepted by other States unless there

are clear grounds for believing that the condition of the vessel
does not correspond with the particulars of the certificates.
 UNCLOS Part XII Protection and preservation of the marine environment
Art. 217: Enforcement by flag State

If a vessel commits a violation of rules established through IMO the flag State shall
provide for immediate investigation and where appropriate institute proceedings in
respect of the alleged violation irrespective of where the violation occurred or where the
pollution caused by such violation has occurred or has been spotted.

Flag States conducting an investigation of the violation may request the assistance of any
other State whose cooperation could be useful in clarifying the circumstances of the
case. States shall endeavor to meet appropriate requests of flag States.

States shall, at the written request of any State, investigate any violation alleged to have
been committed by vessels flying their flag. If satisfied that sufficient evidence is
available to enable proceedings to be brought in respect of the alleged violation, flag
States shall without delay institute such proceedings in accordance with their laws.

Flag States shall promptly inform the requesting State and IMO of the action taken and
its outcome. Such information shall be available to all States.

Penalties provided for by the laws and regulations of States for vessels flying their flag shall
be adequate in severity to discourage violations wherever they occur.
 UNCLOS
Part XII Protection and preservation of the marine environment

Art. 219: Measures relating to seaworthiness of vessels to avoid pollution

States which, upon request or on their own initiative, have ascertained that a
vessel within one of their ports or at one of their off-shore terminals is in
violation of applicable international rules relating to seaworthiness of
vessels and thereby threatens damage to the marine environment shall, as far
as practicable, take administrative measures to prevent the vessel from
sailing.

Such States may permit the vessel to proceed only to the nearest
appropriate repair yard and, upon removal of the causes of the violation,
shall permit the vessel to continue immediately.
 About delegation, MARPOL Annex I,
Regulation 6.3

1) Inspections and surveys shall primarily be carried out by officers of the Administration.
The Administration may however entrust inspections and surveys to other organizations
and surveyors.
2) Nominated organizations and surveyors must be empowered to:
1) require repairs to a ship
2) carry out inspections and surveys if requested by the Authority of a Port State
3) The nominated organization or surveyor shall, if the condition of the ship or its equipment
does not correspond substantially with the particulars of the Certificate or is such that the
ship is not fit to proceed to sea without presenting an unreasonable threat of harm to the
marine environment, make sure that corrective actions are taken and notify the
Administration.
If corrective actions not are taken the relevant certificate shall be withdrawn and the
Administration notified, and also the Port State Authorities, if the ship is in a foreign
port.
The Government of the Port State shall ensure that the ship not leaves the port (except for
a single voyage to repair yard) until corrective actions have been taken.
 About delegation, MARPOL Annex I,

Regulation 6.3

4) In every case, the Administration shall

fully guarantee the completeness and
efficiency of the inspection and survey.
 Recognized organization (Classification society)

A Classification Society whose classification certificate

is accepted by the Administration as a document
verifying conformance with statutory requirements of
those parts the classification certificate covers, and
further satisfying any specific requirements established
by the Administration.
Delegated authority

Authority delegated to a person or organization to

perform specific tasks on behalf of the Administration.
 Recognized organization / Classification Society

SOLAS Chapter II-1, Part A-1 Structure of ships

Regulation 3-1 Structural, mechanical and electrical requirements for
ships

In addition to the requirements contained elsewhere in the present

regulations, ships shall be designed, constructed and maintained in compliance
with the structural, mechanical and electrical requirements of a classification
society which is
recognized by the Administration
in accordance with the provisions of regulation XI/1*, or with applicable
national standards of the Administration which provide an equivalent level of
safety.
Res. A.739(18)
WHY CLASSIFICATION SOCIETIES ?

Worldwide net of surveyors

Manpower sources
Tecnical expertise
Application of requirements
in an uniform manner
Research activities
 The role of the RO is defined in:
SOLAS Ch. II/1 and XI/1 requiring
Class
IMO Res. A.739(18) and A.789(19)
defining criteria for ROs

IMO MSC/Circular 710 Model agreement

EU Directive 94/57, amended by 2001/105

RO (only in Europe)

Agreements with individual Flag States

 A certificate contains both statutory
and classification components

ELECTRICITY
ENGINE

LIFE SAVING

HULL
FIRE SAFETY

NAV EQUIPM

RADIO
 The responsibility for Pollution Prevention is shared by:

Ensure that implemented

SHIPOWNER
standards are maintained

Provide and implement

FLAG STATE Marine Pollution Prevention
Regulations

CLASS Enforcement through

classification and certification

Verify implementation and

PORT STATE enforcement of foreign flag
ships
 CERTIFICATE

A document formally attesting a fact (at the time when the

survey was carried out)

CERTIFICATION

implies that a product, process or person has

been reviewed against a set of requirements,
and a certificate is issued stating that the
specified requirements are complied with.
 Cargo Ship Safety Equipment Certificate

THIS IS TO CERTIFY:
1 That the ship has been surveyed in accordance with the requirements of
regulation I/8 of the Convention.
2 That the survey showed that:
2.1 the ship complied with the requirements of the Convention as regards fire
safety systems and appliances and fire control plans;
2.2 the life-saving appliances and the equipment of the lifeboats, life rafts and rescue boats
were provided in accordance with the requirements of the Convention;
2.3 the ship was provided with a line-throwing appliance and radio installations used in life-
saving appliances in accordance with the requirements of the Convention;
2.4 the ship complied with the requirements of the Convention as regards shipborne
navigational equipment, means of embarkation for pilots and nautical publications;
2.5 the ship was provided with lights, shapes, means of making sound signals and distress
signals in accordance with the requirements of the Convention and the International
Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea in force;
2.6 in all other respects the ship complied with the relevant requirements of the
Convention.
 Marine Auxiliary
Machinery

Safety rules and regulations

 Learning objectives

Rules in general
Requirements concerning the steering gear
SOLAS 1997,chapter V, Regulation 19-2.
 The Rules in general

This is the administrative

hierarchy that has been
established by the United
Nations in order to develop an
standard of rules covering
maritime matters.
United Nations
United Nations headquarters in
New York
 IMO and SOLAS
IMO
International maritime organization.
This committee consists of
representatives from all the member
countries. IMO made the SOLAS
SOLAS
Safety of lives at seas.
A comprehensive set of rules made by
IMO to ensure safety at sea.
 Class rules

These are rules set by the class

companies
Such as:
DNV-Det norsk veritas (N)
LRS-Lloyds Register of shipping (GB)
ABS-American Bureau of shipping (USA)
GL-Germanischer Lloyd (D)
And others
 Speed of rudder

For regular ships the rudder

must be able to turn
minimum 35 degrees to
each sides. To meet the
rules concerning rudder
angle velocity, the rudder
must be able to turn from
35 degrees to 30 degrees on
the other side in maximum
28 seconds. This is called
the minimum angle velocity.
 Torque capacity (1)

The steering gear must be big

enough to turn the rudder to 25
degrees port and starboard at full
speed (Ruder torque/Maximum
working torque). This torque is
achieved at a certain oil pressure
working on the vanes of the rotor.
The safety valve is set at a
corresponding oil pressure
minimum 25% above this. when the
safety valves open the oil is allowed
to by-pass the vanes.
 Torque capacity (2)

In addition the steering gear is

to be pressure tested with a
much higher pressure. This is
done by the manufacturer
before delivery.
The hydraulic system should
be designed so that single
failure doesn't put the
steering gear out of function.
 Placing of emergency scheme (1)

The procedure diagram for emergency steering should be

easily seen in the wheel house and steering gear
compartment.
Placing of emergency scheme (2)

The emergency steering is done by the use of non-follow

up push buttons on the starter cabinet or directly on the
directional valves on the steering gear.
 System alarms (1)

The system shall be looked

after by monitoring important
functions specified in the rules
such as oil levels and power
supply. The monitoring is done
by placing sensors in important
areas. These sensors, either one
by or in combinations, activate
different alarms.
 System alarms (2)

The operator of the steering

gear must have the
necessary competence. the
steering gear vital functions
are to be regular checked
by the crew and the crew
are to be drilled in
emergency procedures.
 The SOLAS rules (1)

5.3.4regulation19-1
Operation of steering gear
In areas where navigation demands special caution, ships
shall have more than one power unit in operation when
such units are capable of simultaneous operation.
 The SOLAS rules (2)

5.3.4regulation19-2
Steering gear: Testing and drills
(a) within 12h before departure, the ship's steering gear shall
be checked and tested by the ship crew. The test procedure
shall include, where applicable, the operation of the
following:
(i) the main steering gear;
(ii) the auxiliary steering gear;
(iii) the remote steering gear control systems;
 The SOLAS rules (3)

(iv) the steering positions located on the navigation

bridge;
(v) the emergency power supply;
(vi) the rudder angle indicators in relation to the actual
position of the rudder;
(vii) the remote steering gear control system power
failure alarms;
(viii) the steering gear power unit failure alarms;
(ix) automatic isolating arrangements and other
automatic equipment.
 The SOLAS rules II (1)

(b) The checks and tests shall include:

(i) the full movement of the rudder according to the required
capabilities of the steering gear;
(ii) a visual inspection of the steering gear and its connecting
linkage; and
(iii) the operation of the means of communication between the
Navigation Bridge and steering gear compartment.
 The SOLAS rules II (2)

(c) (i) Simple operating instructions with a block diagram

showing the change-over procedures For remote steering
gear control systems and steering gear power units shall be
permanently displayed on the Navigation Bridge and in the
steering gear compartment.
(ii) All ships officers concerned with the operation or
maintenance of steering gear shall be Familiar with the
operation of the steering systems fitted on the ship and with
the procedures for change from one system to another.
 The SOLAS rules II (3)

(d) In addition to the routine checks and tests

prescribed in every three months in order to practise
emergency steering gear procedures. These drills shall
include direct control from From within the steering
gear compartment, the communications procedures
with the Navigation Bridge and, where applicable, the
operation of the alternative power supplies.
 The SOLAS rules II (4)

(e) The Administration may waive the requirement to carry

out the checks and tests Prescribed in paragraphs (a) and (b)
for ships which regularly engage on voyages of short
Duration. such ships shall carry out these checks and tests at
least once every week.
(f) The date upon which the checks and tests prescribed in
paragraphs (a) and (b) are carried out and the date and
details of emergency steering gear drills carried out under
paragraphs (d) shall be recorded in the log-book as may be
prescribed by the Administration.
 Assessment Tests
Question 1 of 3
According to the SOLAS rules the rudder angle
velocity should be at least 35-0-30degrees in
maximum 28 seconds for.
A) all cargo ships above 10,000DWT or passenger
ships carrying more than 50 passenger.
B) regular ships, other requirements for special ships.
C) all ships using one steering gear power unit.
D) I don't know.
 Assessment Tests
Question 2 of 3
The steering gear's maximum working torque is:
A The effective torque at the safety valve opening pressure
B) At least the torque necessary to turn the rudder to the
maximum required angle at the vessel's full speed according to
the class rules
C) The maximum torque to be created by the steering gear,
according to the makers experience
D) I don't know.
 Assessment Tests
Question 3 of 3
According to the SOLAS rules the maximum rudder
angle to port and starboard should be at least:
A) 45 degrees
B) 35 degrees
C) 35 degrees, but 25 degrees only if special high efficient
ruder is installed
D) I don't know.