Properties of Ceramic

They are distiguished by its bonding which

is ionic or covalent bonding
High elastic modulus and hardness
High melting point
Low thermal expansion
Good chemical resistance
Brittle
Thermal insulators
Electrical insulators
Nonmagnetic
Ceramic Structures : Crystal
Structure
Factors that affect crystal structure of
ceramics :
- the magnitude of the electrical charge
on each of the component ions and the
relative sizes of the cations and anions
- the sizes or ionic radii of the cations
and anions rC/rA
Ceramic Structures
Crystal structures
Atomic bonding: ionic bonding
Positive charges (metal) cation
Negative charges (non metal) anion

anion

kation
AX-Type Crystal Structures
A: cation X: anion
1. Rock Salt Structure
~e.g: NaCl, MgO, MnS, LiF
~The coordination
number for both
cations&anions: 6
~Structure: FCC
2. Cesium Chloride Structure
~The coordination number: 8
~e.g: CsCl
3. Zinc Blende Structure
~The coordination
number: 4
~atomic bonding:
covalent bonding
~e.g: ZnS, ZnTe, SiC
AmXp-Type Crrystal Structure
When charges of cations and anions are
not the same; where m and/or p 1
AX2 e.g: CaF2, UO2, PuO2
AmBnXp-Type Crystal Structures
It is possible for ceramic compounds to
have more than one type of cation
A & B: cation X: anion
Structure: perovskite
e.g: BaTiO3
(Barium titanat)
cation: Ba2+, Ti4+
anion: O2-
Classification of Ceramics
Glasses : 1. Glasses
2. Glass-ceramics
Clay Products : 1. Structural clay products
2. Whitewares
Refractories : 1. Fireclay
2. Silica
3. Basic
4. Special
Abrasives
Cements
Advanced ceramics
Glasses (1)
1. Glasses
They are noncrystalline silicates containing other
oxides
Glass Composition Characteristics and
Type SiO2 Na2O CaO Al2O3 B2O3 Application
Other
Fused >99.5 High melting temperature,
Silica very low coefficient of
expansion (thermally
schok resistant)
96% Silica 96 4 Thermally shock and
(VycorTM) chemically resistant
laboratory ware
Borosilicate 81 3.5 2.5 13 Thermally shock and
(PyrexTM) cehimcally resistant
ovenware
Glasses (2)
2. Glass-ceramics
Formed glass ceramics : We use a process that
called crystallization which is the most
inorganic glasses can be made to transform
from a noncrystalline state to one that is
crystalline by the proper high temperature heat
treatment
Properties : relatively high mechanical strength,
low coefficients of thermal expansion, relatively
high temperature capabilities, good dielectric
properties, good biological compability
Applications : ovenware, tableware, oven
windows, and rangetops, and etc
Clay Products
1. Structural clay products
Applications : building bricks, tiles, and
sewer pipes
2. Whitewares
Whitewares become white after the high
temperature firing
Applications : porcelain, pottery,
tableware, china and plumbing fixtures
(sanitary ware)
Refractories (1)
1. Fireclay refractories
The primary ingredients : high purity fireclays,
alumina, and silica mixtures usually containing
between 25 and 45 wt% alumina.
Applications : in furnace construction, to cofine hot
atmospheres and to thermally insulates structural
members from excessive temperatures.
2. Silica refractories
Contains over 95% of SiO 2 and not more than 3%
CaO both by weight
Well known for their high temperature load bearing
capacitiy
Applications : arched roof of steel and glass making
furnaces
Refractories (2)
3. Basic refractories
Have a high propotions of basic content
like CaO and MgO. Also contain chromium
and iron compounds
Applications : use in some steel making
open hearth furnaces
4. Special refractories
Some of these are relatively high purity
oxide materials
Applications : For example SiC are used
for electrical resistance heating elements
Abrasives
The most common examples of
abrasives are diamond, silicon carbide,
tungsten carbide, corundum, and silica
sand
The prime requisite of this material is
hardness
Applications : bonded in grinding
wheels, as coated abrasives, as loose
grains, etc
Cements
Cement used in construction is
characterized as hydraulic and non-
hydraulic
The characteristic feature in this material
is when mixed with water, form a paste
Cementitious bond develops at room
temperature
Applications : mortar and concrete
Advanced Ceramics (1)
1. MEMS (Microelectromechanical
Systems)
Miniature smart system consisting of a
multitude of mechanical devices that
are integrared with a large numbers of
electrical elements on a substrate of
silicon
Applications : accelerometer,
microsystem for DNA, chemical
detectors, etc
Advanved Ceramics (2)
2. Optical Fibers
Is made of extremely high purity silica
3. Ceramic Ball Bearings
Consists of balls and races that are in
contact with and rub against one
another when in use
Fabrication and Processing Of
Ceramics (1)
1.Fabrication and Processing Of Glasses
and Glass-ceramics
Glasses are formed at elevated
temperature, hence, we have to
consider the temperature viscosity
Glass forming techniques : pressing,
blowing, drawing and fiber forming
After fabrication, glasses may be
annealed and/or tempered to improve
mechanical characteristics
Fabrication and Processing Of
Ceramics (2)
2. Fabrication and Processing of Clay Products
Commonly, there are two forming techniques, hydroplastic
forming and slip casting
After forming, the body must be dried and then fired at
elevated temperature
3. Powder Pressing
Used to fabricate both clay and non clay compositions
Three basic powder pressing : uniaxial, isostatic, and hydro
pressing
4. Tape Casting
Pouring the slip onto a flat surface
A doctor blade spreads the slip into a thin tape of uniform
thickness
Tape thickness normally range between 0.1 and 2 mm
Usually used in the production of ceramic substrates