Chapter 7: Integration

JMerrill, 2009
 7.1 - Antiderivatives
We have been solving situations dealing
with total amounts of quantities
Derivatives deal with the rate of change of
those quantities
Since its not always possible to find
functions that deal with the total amount,
we need to be able to find the rate of
change of a given quantity
Antidifferentiation is needed in this case
 7.1 - Antiderivatives

If F(x) = 10x, then F(x) = 10. F(x) is the

antiderivative of f(x) = 10
If F(x) = x2, F(x) = 2x. F(x) is the
antiderivative of f(x) = 2x
 7.1 - Antiderivatives
The family of all antiderivaties of f is
indicated by

f(x)dx This is called the

indefinite integral and
is the most general
antiderivative of f

Integral sign Integrand

7.1 - Antiderivatives
 Rules for Antiderivatives
Power Rule: You can always
check your
x n 1
answers by
dx n 1 C
x n
taking the
derivative!
for any real number n 1
(add 1 to the exponent and divide by that number )
t 31
t 4

t dt 3 1 4 C
3
Ex:

1 t 1
1
Ex: 2 dt t dt C C
2

t 1 t
 You Do
3
2
1.
u du
3
u C
2

2. dx x C
Rules for Finding Antiderivatives
ConstantMultiple and
Sum/Difference:

k f (x )dx k f (x )dx
for any real number k

f (x ) g (x )dx f (x ) g (x )dx
 Examples
dv
2v 3

v 4
v 4
2v 3dv 2 C C
4 2

You do:
12 3
C
z 5 dz z 4

3z 4z 5 dz z 3 2z 2 5z C
2
 Example
x2 1 x2 1 First, rewrite the
x x x dx integrand

x2 1 3 1

dx x 2 x 2 dx
21
1


x x2
5 1
5 1
Now that we have x
2 2
x 2
rewritten the integral, we C x 2
2x C
2
can find the antiderivative 5 1 5
2 2
 Recall
Previous learning:
If f(x) = ex then f(x) = ex
If f(x) = ax then f(x) = (ln a)ax
If f(x) = ekx then f(x) = kekx
If f(x) = akx then f(x) = k(ln a)akx

This leads to the following formulas:

Indefinite Integrals of Exponential
Functions

e dx e C
x x

e kx
e dx k C , k 0
kx

ax
a dx ln a C
x

a kx

dx k (ln a ) C , k 0
a kx

This comes from the chart on P. 434

 Examples

9e dt 9 e dt 9e C
t t t

e 9t

e dt 9 C
9t

5u 5 5
4 4 12 4u
5
u e 4 u

du 3 5
3e C 3 e C e C
4

5 5
4
 You Do
25x
2 dx
5 x C
5(ln2)
 Indefinite Integral of x-1

1
x dx x dx ln x C
1

Note: if x takes on a negative value,

then lnx will be undefined. The
absolute value sign keeps that from
happening.
 Example
4 1
x dx 4 x dx 4ln x C
You Do:
5
x e dx
2x
1 2x
5ln x e C
2
 Application - Cost
Suppose a publishing company has
found that the marginal cost at a
level of production of of x thousand
50
books is given by C '(x ) and that
x
the fixed cost
(before any book is published) is
$25,000. Find the cost function.
 Solution
1
50
C '(x ) First, rewrite the function. C '(x ) 50x 2

x
1
1
1

x2
2

50x dx 50 x dx 50

2
1 K

2
Before any books are
21 1
50 2x k 100x 2 k produced the fixed
cost is $25,000so
C(0)=25,000
1
C x 100x k
2
1
25, 000 100(0) k C (x ) 100x 25,000
2

25, 000 k
 Application - Demand
Suppose the marginal revenue from
a product is given by 400e-0.1q + 8.
a) Find the revenue function.
R(q) = 400e-0.1q + 8 Set R and q = 0 to
solve for C.
R(q)
(400e 0.1q 8)dq

e 0.1q
0 4000e 0.1(0) 8(0) C
400 8q C 4000 C
0.1
4000e 0.1q 8q C
R(q) = 400e-0.1q + 8q + 4000
 Application - Demand
B) Find the demand function.
Recall that R = qp where p is the
demand function
R = qp

400e-0.1q + 8q + 4000 = qp

400e-0.1q + 8q + 4000 = p
q
 7.2 - Substitution
In finding the antiderivative for some
functions, many techniques fail
Substitution can sometimes remedy this
problem
Substitution depends on the idea of a
differential.
If u = f(x), then the differential of u,
written du, is defined as du = f(x)dx
Example: If u=2x3 + 1, then du=6x2 dx
 Example

and product rule.

3 4
2x 1 6x2dx
looks like the chain rule

But using differentials and

substitution well find the
antiderivative u du

2x 2x
3 4 2 3 4
1 6x dx 1 6x2dx

= u4du
 Example Cont
Now use the power rule

4
u du
u5
5
C

Substitute (2x3 + 1) back in for u:

3 5

2x 1
2x
3 4 2
1 6x dx C
5