Power Factor

Improvement

T H E DE F I NITIVE P O WER S O L UTION

ROLL NO. 14241 NAME PI YUSH VERMA

Presentation Content
Introduction
The basic concepts
Types of power
Power Factor
What is Power Factor Correction and its benefits
Typical power factors
Reactive charges
Savings
Carbon emissions - calculation
Reference
Introduction
To obtain the best economic advantage from your electricity supply, both the generating
plant and your own plant should be operated at high efficiency.
To maintain this level of efficiency, a high power factor throughout the system is
essential.
The Basic Concepts
Most loads on an electrical distribution system can be categorised into three main types:
Resistive
Capacitive
Inductive
The most common type of load is inductive. For example, fluorescent lights, transformers
and AC induction motors.
Types of Power
Active power actually performs the work and is measured in kW. This is also what is
read on a wattmeter.
Reactive power sustains the electromagnetic field and is measured in kvar.
Power Factor
Power Factor is the measurement of how effectively your business uses the electricity
supplied to your site
Ideal Power Factor is unity or 1, anything less than 1 means that extra power is required
to achieve the necessary tasks.
The higher the power factor, the more effectively electrical power is being
used and vice versa.
Low Power Factor is expensive and inefficient, with many utility companies charging
extra, (reactive power charge), for sites with a poor power factor.
Low Power Factor can also reduce the capacity of your electrical distribution system by
increasing current flow and causing voltage drops.
Power Factor is the ratio of true power to apparent
power

Power Factor = KW
KVA
Power Factor Correction (PFC)
Power Factor Correction is the term given to a technology to restore Power Factor to as
close to unity as economically viable.
This can be achieved by adding Power Factor Correction capacitors to the distribution
system which provide or compensate for the Reactive Power demand of the inductive
load, and thus reduce the burden on the supply.
Capacitors work as reactive current generators providing needed reactive power
(KVAr) into the power supply
By supplying their own source of reactive power, the industrial user frees the utility from
having to supply it, and therefore the total amount of apparent power supplied by the
utility will be less.
Power Factor Correction Capacitors reduce the total current drawn from the distribution
system and subsequently increase the systems capacity by raising the Power Factor
level.
Principles of Correcting Power
Factor
Benefits of PFC
A reduction in electricity charges
Elimination of utility power factor penalties, which can increase electrical bills by up to
20%
Reduction in IR losses of transformers and distribution equipment
Prolonging the life of equipment from reduced heat in cables, switchgear, transformers
and alternators
Reduced voltage drop in cables, allowing the same cable to supply a larger motor and
improving the starting of motors at the end of the long cable runs
Reduction in Carbon Emissions
How Does Power Factor
Correction Work
Power Factor and
Current Relationship
Typical Power Factors
Reactive Charges
To obtain the best economic advantage from your electricity supply, both the generating
plant and your own plant should be operated at high efficiency.
To do this, a high power factor throughout the system is essential.
Savings Examples
PFC The Sawmill
SUPPLY : 11KV
MAXIMUM DEMAND : 5320KW
POWER FACTOR : 0.8
ANNUAL CONSUMPTION : 28,728,000KWH
REACTIVE HOURS : 21,538,246 (this gives a power factor of 0.8)
IF YOU WANT TO OBTAIN A POWER : 5,829,114
FACTOR OF 0.98, REACTIVE HOURS
MUST EQUAL
DIFFERENCE : 21,538,246 5,829,114 = 15,709,132KVArh
PRICE : 0.15p / Reactive Hour
PENALTY : 23,563.00
AMOUNT OF KVAR REQUIRED TO : 3000kvar
IMPROVE PF TO 0.98
PAYBACK : 1 YEAR
CARBON SAVINGS (kg/annum) : 283,200kg

A FURTHER SAVING WILL ALSO BE MADE ON CAPACITY CHARGES :

EXISTING CAPACITY : 5320 0.8 = 6650
NEW CAPACITY : 5320 0.98 = 5428
DIFFERENCE : 6650 5428 = 1222
1222 @ 6.42/KVA/ANNUM = 7,845
TOTAL SAVING : 23,563.00 + 7,845 = 31,408
PFC The Engineering Works

SUPPLY : 415V
MAXIMUM DEMAND : 750KW
POWER FACTOR : 0.7
ANNUAL CONSUMPTION : 2,512,000KWH
REACTIVE HOUR SAVING BY : 2,009,600
IMPROVING POWER FACTOR TO
0.98
PRICE PER REACTIVE HOUR : 0.263
ANNUAL SAVING : 5,285
PRESENT CAPACITY : 750 0.7 = 1071KVA
NEW CAPACITY : 750 0.98 = 765KVA
DIFFERENCE : 1071 765 = 306KVA
AT A COST OF : 4.89
TOTAL SAVING : 4.89 X 306 = 1500 + 5285 = 6785
CAPACITANCE REQUIRED : 600kvar
PAYBACK : 2 YEARS
CARBON SAVINGS (kg/annum) : 56,640kg
PFC The Office

MAXIMUM DEMAND : 220KW

POWER FACTOR : 0.65
ANNUAL CONSUMPTION : 980,000KWh
REACTIVE HOUR SAVING BY : 931,361
IMPROVING POWER FACTOR TO
0.98
PRICE PER REACTIVE HOUR : 0.263p
ANNUAL SAVING : 2,450
PRESENT CAPACITY : 220 0.65 = 338KVA
NEW CAPACITY : 220 0.98 = 224KVA
DIFFERENCE : 338 224 = 114KVA
AT A COST OF : 4.89 x 114 = 560 PER ANNUM
TOTAL SAVING : 560 + 2450 = 3010
CAPACITANCE REQUIRED : 200KVAr
PAYBACK : 1.5 YEARS
CARBON SAVINGS (kg/annum) : 18,880kgs
Carbon Emissions - Calculation
Savings on CO2 emissions

EXAMPLE : Based on typical operational hours of 300 per month (savings will obviously increase
if your monthly usage is higher than average),
your CO2 savings will be as follows: Amount of hours in use x months per year x kw losses x CO2
for each kWh generated*

300 x 12 x 0.05962W* x 0.44kg* = 94.4kg/CO2 per kvar per annum.

Multiply this amount by the amount of kvar on the unit supplied.

2 x 300KVAr x 94.4
*Constant as per DETR calculation.

TOTAL CO2 SAVINGS PER ANNUM = 56,640kg

REFERENCE
https://www.slideshare.net/utkarshsrivastav3/power-factor-correction-
45321137?from_action=save
www.elkraft.ntnu.no/.../057%20-%20NORPIE%202004%20PRESENTATION.ppt
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_factor