Introduction to Anatomy

Dr Siva
 Human anatomy comprises a consideration of
the various structures which make up the human
organism.
 Anatomy
Term Anatomy is derived from Greek word
ANATOME (Ana part, tome to cut)
In a restricted sense it deals merely with
the parts which form the fully developed
individual and which can be rendered
evident to the naked eye by various
methods of dissection.
 Divisions
It may be studied by two methods:
(1) the various structures may be
separately considered systematic
anatomy;
(2) the organs and tissues may be studied
in relation to one another
topographical or regional anatomy.
 REGIONAL ANATOMY
Regional Anatomy is the study of the
parts and structures such as bones, joints,
muscles, blood vessels, nerves and organs
and their relationship to each other in one
region of the body.
 REGIONS OF THE BODY
Head, Neck, Trunk, Upper limbs and Lower
limbs.
The trunk is subdivided
- Thorax
- Abdomen.
The abdomen is subdivided
- Abdomen proper
- Pelvis.
The Upper limb consists of
- Shoulder, Arm,
- Forearm and Hand.
 REGIONS OF THE BODY
The Lower Limb consists of
- Gluteal region (buttock),
- Thigh
- Leg
- Foot which has a sole and dorsum.
These regions are further subdivided
into smaller regions.
 SYSTEMIC ANATOMY
The study of organ systems into which
organs having same functions are
grouped.
The organs systems of the body are
- Skeletal system
- Muscular system
- Cardio vascular system
- Lymphatic system
SYSTEMIC ANATOMY

- Respiratory system
- Digestive system
- Urinary system
- Reproductive system
- Endocrine Glands
- Nervous and integumentary system.
 Histology & Embryology

Study of the minute structure of the various

component parts of the body using microscope
histology.
Study of the human organism in its immature
condition, i. e., the various stages of its
intrauterine development from the fertilized
ovum up to the period when it assumes an
independent existence embryology.
 Comparative Anatomy &
Embryology
Owing to the difficulty of obtaining material
illustrating all the stages of this early
development. Gaps must be filled -
By observations on the development of
lower forms comparative
embryology, or
By a consideration of adult forms in the
line of human ancestry comparative
anatomy.
 Applied Anatomy & Surface
Anatomy
The direct application of the facts of
human anatomy to the various
pathological conditions which may occur;
constitutes the subject of applied
anatomy.
Finally, the appreciation of structures on
or immediately underlying the surface of
the body is frequently made the subject of
special study surface anatomy.
 SURFACE ANATOMY
Study of the features on the surface of
the body such as
- contours
- outlines, density etc.
by Observation, Palpation and
Auscultation.
SUBDIVISIONS OF ANATOMY

TERATOLOGY
- study of abnormalities
in the development.
GENETICS
- study of genes and chromosomes
and their action in the
inheritance.
SUBDIVISIONS OF ANATOMY
RADIOLOGICAL ANATOMY
- study of the structure of the body by
using radiological techniques.
CYTOLOGY
- microscopic study of the structure of
the cell
 Systematic Anatomy
The various systems of which the human body is composed
are grouped under the following headings:
Osteology the bony system or skeleton.
Syndesmology the articulations or joints.
Myology the muscles. With the description of the
muscles it is convenient to include that of the fasci
which are so intimately connected with them.
Angiology the vascular system, comprising the heart,
bloodvessels, lymphatic vessels, and lymph glands.
Neurology the nervous system. The organs of sense
may be included in this system.
Splanchnology the visceral system.
 Viscera - Organs
Viscera form two groups,
Thoracic viscera
Abdomino-pelvic viscera.
The heart, a thoracic viscus, is best considered with the
vascular system.
The rest of the viscera may be grouped according to their
functions: (a) the respiratory apparatus; (b) the
digestive apparatus; and (c) the urogenital apparatus.
Strictly speaking, the third subgroup should include only
such components of the urogenital apparatus as are
included within the abdomino-pelvic cavity, but it is
convenient to study under this heading certain parts which
lie in relation to the surface of the body, e. g., the testes
and the external organs of generation.
 Anatomical position
The anatomical position is used as a reference when
describing parts of the body in relation to each other.
Used in conjunction with terms of relationship,
terms of comparison and terms of movement, the
anatomical position allow a standard way of
documenting where one part of the body is in relation
to another, regardless of whether the body is standing,
lying down, or in any other position.
A person in the anatomical position is standing
erect with the head, eyes and toes pointing
forward, feet together with arms by the side. The
palms of the hands directed forwards.
Anatomical position
 Planes of Reference
All are imaginary
Median plane ( Mid- sagittal plane)
Sagittal plane,
Coronal plane
Horizontal (transverse plane)
Planes of reference
 Planes of reference
Median plane is a vertical
antero-posterior plane, passing
through the center of the
trunk.
Any plane parallel to it is
termed a sagittal plane.
Vertical plane at right angles
to the median plane is known
as a coronal plane or
sometimes termed as a
frontal plane.
A plane at right angles to both
the median and frontal planes
is termed a transverse
plane.
Coronal Section
Sagittal section
Transverse plane
 Anatomical terms
Superior, Inferior
Anterior, posterior
Medial, Lateral
Internal, External,
Deep or superficial,
Proximal ,distal
Unilateral, bilateral
Ipsilateral,
contralateral.
 Anatomical terms
The terms anterior or ventral, and posterior or
dorsal, are employed to indicate the relation of parts to
the front or back of the body or limbs,
Terms superior or cephalic, and inferior or caudal,
to indicate the relative levels of different structures;
Structures nearer to or farther from the median plane are
referred to as medial or lateral respectively.
The terms superficial and deep are strictly confined to
descriptions of the relative depth from the surface of the
various structures;
External and internal are reserved almost entirely for
describing the walls of cavities or of hollow viscera. In the
case of the limbs the words proximal and distal refer to
the relative distance from the attached end of the limb.
 Terms of movement
Flexion, Extension, Hyperextension
Adduction, Abduction
Medial rotation, Lateral rotation
Circumduction.
Upper limb
Pronation
Supination
Pectoral girdle
Protraction, Retraction
 Terms of movement
Lower limb
Plantar flexion, Dorsiflexion
Inversion, Eversion
Head & neck
Protrusion, retrusion
Elevation, depression
Thumb
Opposition.
Flexion & Extension
Flexion & Extension
Abduction & adduction
Elbow flexion & extension
Pronation & supination
Deviation
 Terms of movement
Flexion - decreasing angle with frontal plane
Extension - increasing angle with frontal plane

Abduction - moving away from

Adduction - toward the sagittal plane

Protraction- moving forward

Retraction - backward along a surface.

Elevation & depression

- raising or lowering a structure.
 Terms of movement
Medial rotation & lateral rotation
- movement around an axis of a bone
Pronation & supination
- placing palm backward or forward (in
anatomical position)
Circumduction
- combined movements of flexion,
extension, abduction, adduction
medial and lateral rotation
circumscribe a cone.
 Terms of movement

opposition
- bringing tips of fingers and thumb
together as in picking something up.
 Terms of relationship
Anterior (ventral)
Posterior (dorsal)
Medial
Lateral
Proximal near the root
Distal away from the root
Superficial
Deep
 Combination of the terms
Superolateral & inferomedial
Anteroinferior & posterosuperior
or any other combination of the standard
terms may be used to show intermediate
positions.
 SUMMARY of Anatomical terms
Superior - toward the head
Inferior - away from the head
Anterior - the front of the body or body part
Posterior - the back of the body or body part
Medial - toward the midline that divides left and
right
Lateral - to the side away from the midline
Proximal - closer to the torso
Distal - farther away from the torso
Anatomical position - standing erect, facing the
observer, arms are at the sides with palms facing
forward.
 Structures met in dissection
Skin epidermis & dermis
Superficial fascia fibrous mesh filled with fat ,
connects the dermis to the underlying sheet of
deep fascia
Deep fascia
Muscles & bones
Blood vessels arteries, veins,
Lymph nodes
Nerves
 SKELETAL SYSTEM

Composed of bones and cartilage.

Bone is a living tissue
Highly specialized hard form of connective
tissue that forms most of the skeleton
Chief supporting tissues of the body.
 FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL
SYSTEM
Protects vital organs such as brain, heart
and lungs.
Form a hard and rigid frame work.
Provides the central axis to give structure
and form of the body.
Produces blood cells in the bone marrow.
Stores salts eg. calcium
FUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETAL
SYSTEM

Gives attachment to the muscles and

other soft parts.
Forms joints for movements
 DIVISIONS OF THE SKELETAL
SYSTEM
AXIAL SKELETON
- Bones of the head and neck and
trunk.
APPENDICULAR SKELETON
- Bones of the upper limb and lower
limbs including shoulder girdle and
pelvic girdle.
 Types of Bones
1. Long bones:
2. Short bones:
3. Flat bones:
4. Irregular bones:
5. Sesamoid bones:
6. Sutural bones:
 Muscle Architecture

Parallel
Flat, fusiform, strap, radiate
(convergent) circular
Pennate
Unipennate, bipennate,
multipennate
Muscles shapes
 BONY MARKINGS
Line
Malleolus
Notch
Protuberance
Spine
Spinous process
Trochanter
Tubercle.
Tuberosity.
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