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CIVIL ENGINEERING
Chapter 4: Flow in Pipelines
SEQUENCE OF CHAPTER 4
Introduction
Objectives
4.1 Pipe Flow System
4.2 Types of Flow
4.2.1 Laminar Flow
4.2.2 Turbulent Flow
4.3 Energy Losses due to Friction
4.3.1 Friction Losses in Laminar Flow
4.3.2 Friction Loss in Turbulent Flow
4.4 Minor Losses
4.4.1 Losses due to Pipe Fittings
4.4.2 Sudden Enlargement
4.4.3 Sudden Contraction
4.5 Energy Added and Extracted
4.6 Pipe Flow Analysis
4.6.1 Simple Pipeline
4.6.2 Pipes in Series
4.6.3 Pipes in Parallel
4.6.4 Pipe Network
Summary
Introduction
In considering the convenience and necessities in every day
life, it is truly amazing to note the role played by conduits in
transporting fluid.
For example, the water in our homes is normally conveyed
through pressure pipelines, from the distribution system, so
that it will be available when and where we want it.
Moreover, virtually all of this water leaves our homes as
dilute wastes through sewers, another type of conduits. Oil
is often transferred from their source by pressure pipelines
to refineries while gas is conveyed by pipelines into a
distribution network for supply.
Thus, it can be seen that the fluid flow in conduits is of
immense practical significance in civil engineering.
Objectives
1. Differentiate between laminar and turbulent flows in
pipelines.
2. Describe the velocity profile for laminar and turbulent
flows.
3. Compute Reynolds number for flow in pipes.
4. Define the friction factor, and compute the friction losses in
pipelines.
5. Recognize the source of minor losses, and compute minor
losses in pipelines.
6. Analyze simple pipelines, pipelines in series, parallel, and
simple pipe networks.
4.1 Pipe Flow System
This chapter introduces the fundamental theories of flow in
pipelines as well as basic design procedures.
In this chapter, the pipeline system is defined as a closed conduit
with a circular cross-section with water flows (flowing full) inside
it.
It is a closed system, the water is not in contact with air (i.e. no
free surface). Flow in a closed pipe results from a pressure
difference between inlet and outlet. The pressure is affected by
fluid properties and flow rate.
The following diagram gives the geometrical properties for circular
pipe. In the diagram, D represents the diameter of pipe, R is the
pipe radius and L is the pipe length. The cross-sectional area of
the pipe can be calculated using A = R2.
Pipe
Centerline
D=2R
RR
A line plotted of total head versus distance through a system is called the
total energy line (TEL).
The TEL is also known as energy grade line (EGL).
The sum of the elevation head and pressure head yields the hydraulic
grade line (HGL).
In a uniform pipeline, the total shear stress (resistance to flow) is constant
along the pipe resulting in a uniform degradation of the total energy or
head along the pipeline.
The total head loss along a specified length of pipeline is referred to head
loss due to friction and denoted as hf.
Referring to the above figure, the Bernoulli equation
can be written from section 1 to section 2 as;
P1 V12 P2 V2 2
z1 z2 hf (4.2)
g 2g g 2g
4.2 Types of Flow
The physical nature of fluid flow can be categorized into three types, i.e.
laminar, transition and turbulent flow. It has been mentioned earlier that
Reynolds Number (Re) can be used to characterize these flow.
VD VD
Re (4.3)
where = density
= dynamic viscosity
= kinematic viscosity ( = /)
V = mean velocity
D = pipe diameter
ur
R 2 r 2 P
(4.7)
4 L
la min ar turbulent
dU
dy
Figure 6.7 below shows the velocity profile for turbulent flow in a pipe.
The shape of the profile is said to be logarithmic.
1258x3.6x 0.15
Re 708
1
9.60x10
L V2
hf (4.14)
D 2g
= 0.316/Re0.25 (4.15)
Type K
Exit (pipe to tank) 1.0
Entrance (tank to pipe) 0.5
90 elbow 0.9
45 elbow 0.4
T-junction 1.8
Gate valve 0.25 - 25
From (2): V2
H p 230 200 39.4
2x9.81
The velocity can be calculated using the continuity
equation:
Q 0.27
V 2.15 m / s
A 0.4 / 22
Q
H L
(4.21)
2 H
L
Q
Example 4.5
A pipe 6-cm in diameter, 1000m long and with = 0.018 is
connected in parallel between two points M and N with
another pipe 8-cm in diameter, 800-m long and having =
0.020. A total discharge of 20 L/s enters the parallel pipe
through division at A and rejoins at B. Estimate the
discharge in each of the pipe.
Solution:
Continuity: Q = Q1 + Q2
0.02 (0.06) 2 V12 (0.08) 2 V22 (1)
4 4
V1 1.778V2 7.074
0.018x1000 2 0.020x800 2
V1 V2
0.06 0.08
V1 0.8165V2 (2)
Q1 = 0.0063 m3/s
Recheck the answer:
Q1+ Q2 = Q
0.0063 + 0.0137 = 0.020
(same as given Q OK!)
Example 4.6
For the square loop shown, find the discharge in all the
pipes. All pipes are 1 km long and 300 mm in diameter,
with a friction factor of 0.0163. Assume that minor losses
can be neglected.
Solution:
Assume values of Q to satisfy continuity equations all at nodes.
The head loss is calculated using; HL = K1Q2
HL = hf + hLm
But minor losses can be neglected: hLm = 0
Thus HL = hf
Head loss can be calculated using the Darcy-Weisbach equation
L V2
hf
D 2g
L V2
H L hf
D 2g
1000 V2
H L 0.0163 x x
0.3 2 x 9.81
Q2 Q2
H L 2.77 2 2.77 x
2
2
A
x 0. 3
4
H L 554Q 2
H L K 'Q2
K ' 554
First trial
-0.0107 0.07775