Colt Presentation - Smoke and Environmental Ventilation of Multi-Storey Buildings Using Shafts

Colt International Ltd
Smoke and environmental ventilation of multi-storey buildings using shafts

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A brief history of Colt
A private company founded in 1931
I J OHea OBE (1897 - 1984)
2014 Group turnover 146 million
Manufactures in the UK, Holland, Germany and China
I J OHea
Colt Founder
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Current UK Business Markets
Smoke Control
Solar Shading
Natural Ventilation
Louvre
Environmental Comfort Control
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Ventilation using shafts covering:
1. Ventilation of Fire Fighting Stairs:

Natural Ventilation to BS 5588 Part 5 and BS 9999
Natural Shafts to BS 5588 Part 5 and BS 9999
BRE Shafts to BS 5588 Part 5 and BS 9999
Mechanical Shafts
2. Ventilation of Common Corridors in Residential Developments:

Natural Ventilation to ADB 2006 and BS 9991
Natural Shafts to ADB 2006 and BS 9991
Mechanical Ventilation to ADB 2006
3. Extended Travel Distances in Common Corridors Using Mechanical Shafts
4. Day to day ventilation and cooling
5. Pressurisation
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Ventilation using shafts - general
Description:
A common shaft passing through multiple levels allowing natural or mechanical ventilation to
the fire floor via the use of dampers or automatic opening devices on each level.
Used for:
Ventilating fire fighting lobbies to assist fire fighting operations from a fire fighting shaft
and/or
Ventilating common corridors in high rise residential developments.
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Ventilation using shafts
1. Ventilation of fire fighting stairs
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Fire Fighting:
In fire fighting shafts the fire and rescue services need clear access to every level.
Usual fire fighting protocol is to take the lift to a floor below the fire floor, connect to the dry riser
and then ascend to the fire floor by stair.
The primary objectives of the ventilation system are, therefore:
to prevent smoke spread into the staircase

to improve conditions in the fire fighting lobby
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BS 5588 Part 5 and BS 9999 provide prescriptive ventilation recommendations
Stairwell ventilation Lobby ventilation
A 1.5m2 openable vent A 1m2 vent (OV) in the fire fighting lobby; or
at the head of the stairwell; or
A 3m2 shaft with 1.5m2 dampers on each level
with openings at the top and bottom of the shaft;
A 1m2 openable window at each storey
or
(OV)
The BRE Method, which is as above, but omits the
opening at the bottom of the shaft.
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1. Ventilation of fire fighting stairs BRE shaft
A 3m2 shaft is connected to the lobbies by

1.5m2 dampers at high level. Only the damper
on the fire floor opens
Air inlet is provided via the stairs from the final

exit door and a 1m2 ventilator at the head of
the stairs
No air inlet is required at the base of the shaft

replacement air is drawn from the staircase,
preventing smoke flow into the stair.
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1. Ventilation of fire fighting stairs BRE shaft
Visibility in onerous
wind conditions
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1. Ventilation of fire fighting stairs Colt shaft
The next obvious step
Offers a further reduction in the occupied space taken up by the

system
If effective could be used for both fire fighting and means of escape
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The major challenge is to avoid excessive depressurisation of the lobby to prevent smoke
being drawn in and problems opening doors
This can be avoided by:
Low level inlet

Fire Fighting Lobby An inlet shaft
Doors to be open
negative Grilles in doors
Variable speed fans
Staircase
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We developed a standard system that is at least as good as

the BRE smoke shaft and better in adverse wind conditions
The system comprises:
- a small vertical shaft 0.6m2 instead of 3.0m2

- a variable speed extract fan set (run and standby)
- a pressure sensor in each lobby
- a small motorised damper to each lobby
- a 1m2 stairwell ventilator
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The design has been proven by CFD analysis
By replicating the BRE shaft CFD analysis after discussion with BRE
By optimising the air flow rate and shaft and damper dimensions to match the BRE shaft
By modelling closed door conditions to ensure that the system:
Does not draw excess smoke into the lobby with doors closed (smoke seal doors between lobby
and accommodation are needed for this)
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Visibility - doors open
Mechanical shaft BRE shaft
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2. Ventilation of common corridors in residential developments
In multi-storey residential buildings, the main escape route is via common corridors and/or
lobbies to protected stairs.
Smoke will spread to the corridor from a fire in an apartment as the occupants make their
escape.
The 2006 version of ADB requires common corridors or lobbies which open onto a stair to be
ventilated. Fire fighting stairs in residential buildings do not require a separate ventilated fire
fighting lobby.
The ventilation system allows the smoke in the corridor to be cleared and ensures that smoke is
prevented from entering the staircase, which could make make escape difficult for occupants of
higher storeys should the whole building need to be evacuated.
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Small single stair apartment buildings
Top floor level no more than 11m above ground level
No more than 3 storeys above ground level
Stair does not connect to covered car park
ADB Requires:
Openable vent (OV) to each landing level of stair or single OV at head of stair with activation
from bottom of stair.
Also:
If lobby is ventilated, travel distance from apartment to stair can be increased from 4.5 to
7.5m.
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All other apartment buildings
ADB Requires:
All corridors/lobbies adjoining stairs to be ventilated
by either natural or mechanical means.
The staircase requires a vent with a free area of 1.0m2 from the top storey to outside.
Activation:
In a single stair building, the vents should be automatic via smoke detectors in the common
access space.
In a multi-stair building, the ventilation can be manual, BUT the vent at the top of the stair
must be interlinked to open at the same time.
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Common Corridors can be ventilated, either:
Naturally, located on an outside wall with a minimum free area of 1.5m2
Naturally, discharged into a vertical smoke shaft, closed at the base
Mechanically, using extract and natural inlet or supply fans
Mechanically, using pressure differentials, in accordance with BS EN 12101-6: 2005
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2. Ventilation of common corridors in residential developments natural ventilation
SHAFT
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Minimum free area under the 2000 edition of ADB
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Definition of Minimum Free Area, either:
The aerodynamic free area of the ventilator as defined in EN

12101 Part 2: 2003 Specification for natural smoke and heat
exhaust ventilators.
Or:
"the total unobstructed cross sectional area, measured in the

plane where the area is at a minimum and at right angles to the
direction of air flow"
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Minimum free area under the 2006 edition of ADB
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2. Ventilation of common corridors in residential developments natural shafts
If a shaft system is used, the following criteria should be met:
The Shaft should:
Be closed at the base

Have a minimum cross-sectional area of 1.5m2 with a minimum dimension of 0.85m in either
direction.
Extend at least 0.5m above the highest structure within 2m
Extend 2.5m above the ceiling of the highest level served by the shaft.
The vent into the shaft, the vent at the top of the shaft and any safety grilles in the shaft should all
have a minimum free area of 1.0m2.
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Construction:
The shaft should be constructed from non-combustible material and the vents should be
equivalent to a E30Sa fire door.
The shaft should be vertical with no more than 4m at an inclined angle (max 30o)
Operation:
On detection of smoke in the corridor, the vent on the fire floor, at the top of the shaft and the
top of the stair should all open simultaneously vents on all other levels should remain closed.
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Exhaust opening
Ventilation damper
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Typical Roof Installation
Natural Ventilation
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Internal Damper to shaft, concealed by decorative grille :
Equivalent to E30S Fire

rated construction
Motor open/closed
Natural, minimum free
area 1.0m2
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Colt Doorman Actuator with fire door to shaft:
Equivalent to E30S Fire rated

construction
Require a safety grille across shaft at
each level
Units on other levels must lock closed
to prevent smoke transfer
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Approved Document B permits the use of mechanical ventilation for smoke control of
common escape routes but gives no design guidance on how to design such a system.
However based on the experience gained in developing the Colt Shaft for fire fighting
applications, several options are available to reduce the natural shaft from 1.5m2 to 0.6m2
using a mechanical system.
As with the fire fighting system, the main objective is to keep smoke from entering the
staircase.
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2. Ventilation of common corridors in residential developments mechanical shafts
Internal Damper to shaft, concealed by decorative grille or flap vent:
Equivalent to E30S Fire rated

construction
Motor open/closed
Mechanical - Typically 0.8m2
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3. Means of escape systems extended travel

An extended lobby can be used to reduce travel, but the lobby ..must not provide direct
access to any storage room, flat or other place containing a potential fire hazard.
7.5m+ 7.5m
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ADB 2006 states: There may be some instances where some increase on these maximum
figures [travel distances] will be reasonable. In most circumstances mechanical systems
can be designed to enhance safety.
7.5m+ 7.5m
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Options:
Natural Exhaust/Mechanical Inlet
Mechanical Extract/Natural Inlet
Mechanical Extract/Mechanical Inlet
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Has been used by various fire engineers with varying degrees of success.
Positively pressurises the corridor, therefore can risk pushing smoke into other apartments and
staircase.
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7.5m+ 7.5m
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Slightly depressurises the corridor, therefore inlet shaft and dampers need to be
sized carefully to avoid creating a pressure greater than 50 Pa.
Typically, inlet shaft will need to be in order of 1.5m2.
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7.5m+ 7.5m
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On one typical project the Travel Distance was successfully extended from 7.5m to
18m in one direction
System modelled in both escape and fire-fighting mode and compared with a
compliant corridor with a natural AOV system.
System out-performs natural AOV for both evacuation and for fire-fighting
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Modelled to compare with compliant 7.5m corridor with AOV in still wind conditions with
growing fire in apartment.
Smoke spills into corridor during evacuation and then again 10 minutes later when fire
brigade arrive, fire has grown to around 5000 kW
Compliant Corridor Extended Corridor
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Compliant AOV Extended Mechanical System
7.5m
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Reduces size of inlet shaft to 0.6m2 typically.
Extract to be designed as Colt Shaft without pressure sensing, inlet fan to match
extract rate.
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7.5m+ 7.5m
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Reversible
Particularly useful with a central stair to two extended corridors.
Fans need to be truly reversible (standard fans run at approx 60% in reverse), or
additional inlet may be necessary.
Detection needs to identify smoke location.
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Mechanical Extract/Mechanical Inlet Reversible
7.5m+ 7.5m 7.5m 7.5m+
A further benefit of this system is that fire fighters can override the system so that both fan
systems can be set to extract, allowing an enhanced clearance system.
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Mechanical Extract/Mechanical Inlet Reversible
Smoke can be controlled depending

on the fire location
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4. What can we do to avoid corridors overheating?
What can we do to avoid corridors overheating?
Supply
Extract
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4. Day to day ventilation
Cooling?
A ventilation system based on

supplying outside air alone is able
to achieve temperatures in the
corridor typically 2-5oC above the
outside ambient.
Adiabatic cooling can reduce

supply temperatures well below
outside ambient, providing active
cooling in the corridors.
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5. Pressurisation
Supply air
Distribution Ductwork
Pressure Relief
Air Release
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5. Pressurisation
Optimum protection
Expensive
Complex design
Puts more demands on quality of building construction
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Conclusions
The work of the BRE resulted in alternative methods of ventilation being considered, which have
been incorporated into Approved Document B.
This has paved the way for many new developments in the use of mechanical ventilation shafts in
numerous applications.
If space is tight and a shaft system is needed, a mechanical shaft is the solution
If dead end corridor lengths exceed prescriptive limits, a mechanical shaft system with
improved performance is the solution
Further guidance can be found in a free Smoke Control Association guide, downloadable
from the SCA page at www.feta.co.uk
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Pressurisation Systems
Ventilation In Car Parks Performnce testing
Q&A Session
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Colt Presentation - Smoke and Environmental Ventilation of Multi-Storey Buildings Using Shafts

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Colt International Ltd

Smoke and environmental ventilation of multi-storey buildings using shafts

People feel better in Colt conditions | www.coltinfo.co.uk

A private company founded in 1931

I J OHea OBE (1897 - 1984)

2014 Group turnover 146 million

Manufactures in the UK, Holland, Germany and China

Environmental Comfort Control

1. Ventilation of Fire Fighting Stairs:

2. Ventilation of Common Corridors in Residential Developments:

3. Extended Travel Distances in Common Corridors Using Mechanical Shafts

4. Day to day ventilation and cooling

1. Ventilation of fire fighting stairs

1. Ventilation of fire fighting stairs

The primary objectives of the ventilation system are, therefore:

to prevent smoke spread into the staircase

1. Ventilation of fire fighting stairs

BS 5588 Part 5 and BS 9999 provide prescriptive ventilation recommendations

Stairwell ventilation Lobby ventilation

1. Ventilation of fire fighting stairs BRE shaft

A 3m2 shaft is connected to the lobbies by

Air inlet is provided via the stairs from the final

No air inlet is required at the base of the shaft

1. Ventilation of fire fighting stairs BRE shaft

1. Ventilation of fire fighting stairs Colt shaft

The next obvious step

Offers a further reduction in the occupied space taken up by the

1. Ventilation of fire fighting stairs Colt shaft

This can be avoided by:

Low level inlet

1. Ventilation of fire fighting stairs Colt shaft

We developed a standard system that is at least as good as

The system comprises:

- a small vertical shaft 0.6m2 instead of 3.0m2

1. Ventilation of fire fighting stairs Colt shaft

1. Ventilation of fire fighting stairs Colt shaft

The design has been proven by CFD analysis

By modelling closed door conditions to ensure that the system:

1. Ventilation of fire fighting stairs Colt shaft

Mechanical shaft BRE shaft

2. Ventilation of common corridors in residential developments

Small single stair apartment buildings

Top floor level no more than 11m above ground level

No more than 3 storeys above ground level

Stair does not connect to covered car park

All other apartment buildings

2. Ventilation of common corridors in residential developments

Naturally, located on an outside wall with a minimum free area of 1.5m2

Naturally, discharged into a vertical smoke shaft, closed at the base

Mechanically, using extract and natural inlet or supply fans

Mechanically, using pressure differentials, in accordance with BS EN 12101-6: 2005

2. Ventilation of common corridors in residential developments natural ventilation

2. Ventilation of common corridors in residential developments

Minimum free area under the 2000 edition of ADB

2. Ventilation of common corridors in residential developments

Definition of Minimum Free Area, either:

The aerodynamic free area of the ventilator as defined in EN

"the total unobstructed cross sectional area, measured in the

2. Ventilation of common corridors in residential developments

Minimum free area under the 2006 edition of ADB

2. Ventilation of common corridors in residential developments natural shafts

If a shaft system is used, the following criteria should be met:

The Shaft should: