Other treatment

processes for drinking

water
OTHER TREATMENT PROCESSES FOR
MEMBRANE
DRINKING WATER

PROCESSES
 MEMBRANE PROCESSES

Membrane process are being used more commonly in water

treatment because of their ability to remove small particles,
including cr yptosporidium oocysts and giardia cysts. These
processes are classified into reverse osmosis (RO),
nanofiltration (NO), microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration
(UF).
 REVERSE OSMOSIS(RO)

is a water purification technology that uses asemipermeable

membrane to remove ions, molecules, and larger particles
from drinking water. In reverse osmosis, an applied pressure
is used to overcome osmotic pressure, a colligative property
that is driven by chemical potential dif ferences of the solvent,
a thermodynamic parameter. Reverse osmosis can remove
many types of dissolved and suspended species from water,
including bacteria, and is used in both industrial processes
and the production of potable water.
 NANOFILTRATION(NF)

is a relatively recent membrane filtration process used most

often with lowtotal dissolved solids water such as
surfacewater and fresh groundwater, with the purpose of
softening (polyvalent cation removal) and removal of
disinfection by -product precursors such as natural organic
matter and synthetic organic matter.
 MICROFILTRATION(MF)

is a type of physical filtration process where a contaminated

fluid is passed through a special pore-sized membrane to
separate microorganisms and suspended particles from
process liquid. It is commonly used in conjunction with
various other separation processes such
as ultrafiltration and reverse osmosisto provide a product
stream which is free of undesired contaminants.
 ULTRAFILTRATION(UF)

is a type of membrane filtration in which hydrostatic pressure

forces a liquid against a semipermeable membrane. A
semipermeable membrane is a thin layer of material capable
of separating substances when a driving force is applied
across the membrane.
ADVANCED
OXIDATION
PROCESSES
ADVANCED OXIDATION PROCESSES(AOP)

Are processes designed to produce hydroxyl radicals. Hydroxyl

radicals are highly reactive, nonselective oxidants able to
decompose many organic compounds. Two AOPs are the
combinations of ozone and hydrogen peroxide and ozone and
UV radiation. AOPs are most commonly used for the oxidation
of chemicals that cannot be removed by other means.
CARBON
ADSORPTION
 CARBON ADSORPTION

Carbon adsorption is essentially the same as that described in

chapter 8, with the attachment of chemical compounds onto
soil particles. Here, in water treatment, the adsorbent (solid)
is activated carbon, either granular (GAC) or powered (PAC).
Activated carbon is most commonly used for the removal of
taste and odor causing compounds, as well some synthetic
organic compounds.
Aerotion
 AEROTION

Aeration is used in drinking water treatment primarily for the

oxidation of iron and for the removal of volatile organic
chemicals. Soluble iron can be removed by the following
reaction:

4Fe(HCO3)2 + O2 + 2H2O = 4Fe(OH)3 + 8CO2

Aerotion can also be used for the removal of volatile organic
chemicals such as tricholoroethylene and tetracholoroethane.