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Analog to Digital and Digital to

Analog Converters
Prepared By:
Engr. Muhmmad Naveed Naz
Introduction of ADC

What is ADC?
Why is ADC important?
How does it work?
What is ADC?

ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) is an electronic device that converts a


continuous analog input signal to discrete digital numbers (binary)
Analog
Real world signals that contain noise
Continuous in time
Digital
Discrete in time and value
Binary digits that contain values 0 or 1
Why is ADC Important?

All microcontrollers store information using digital logic


Compress information to digital form for efficient storage
Medium for storing digital data is more robust
Digital data transfer is more efficient
Digital data is easily reproducible
Provides a link between real-world signals and data storage
How ADC Works

2 Stages:
Sampling
Sample-Hold Circuit
Aliasing
Quantizing and Encoding
Resolution

Binary
output
Sampling

Reduction of a continuous signal to a discrete signal


Achieved through sampling and holding circuit
Switch ON sampling of signal (time to charge capacitor w/ Vin)
Switch OFF - voltage stored in capacitor (hold operation)
Must hold sampled value constant for digital conversion

Simple Sample and Hold Circuit Response of Sample and Hold Circuit
Sampling

Sampling rate depends on clock


frequency
Use Nyquist Criterion
Increasing sampling rate increases
accuracy of conversion
Possibility of aliasing

Sampling Signal: Tw
1
T s
Sampling Period: fs

Nyquist Criterion: fs 2 f max


Aliasing
High and low frequency samples are indistinguishable
Results in improper conversion of the input signal
Usually exists when Nyquist Criterion is violated
Can exist even when: fs 2 f max
Prevented through the use of Low-Pass (Anti-aliasing) Filters
Quantizing and Encoding

Approximates a continuous range of values and replaces it


with a binary number
Error is introduced between input voltage and output binary
representation
Error depends on the resolution of the ADC
Digital to Analog Converters
Resolution

Poor Resolution(1 bit) Better Resolution(3 bit)

Vout Vout

Desired Analog Desired Analog signal


signal
111

110 110

8 Volt. Levels
2 Volt. Levels

1
101 101

100 100

011 011

010 010

001 001

0 0 000
000

Digital Input Approximate Digital Input


Approximate
11 output
output

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