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Chapter 7: Heating, Ventilation, Air

Conditioning

To be used with the Guide to Building Energy Efficient


Homes in Kentucky
Decisions

Type of HVAC
System

Energy
Efficient
Home
First-rate
Contractor
HVAC Efficiency
Keys to obtaining design efficiency include:
Sizing the system
Proper selection and proper installation of
controls
Correctly charging the unit with proper
amount of refrigerant
Sizing and designing the layout of the
ductwork
Insulating and sealing all ductwork
Heating Systems

Types of heating systems


Forced-air
Radiant

Heat source
Furnace (gas)
Electric heat pump
Components of Horizontal Flow Forced-air System
Choices for Central, Forced-air Systems
Fuel-fired furnaces with
electric air conditioning
units
Electric heat pumps or
Dual fuel system
Best choice depends upon:
Cost
Efficiency
Annual energy use
Local price
Availability of energy sources
Radiant Heating Systems
Radiant Heating Systems

Advantages:
Quieter operation
Increased personal comfort at lower air
temperatures
Better zoning of heat
Increased comfort from the heat
Radiant Heating Systems

Disadvantages:
Higher installation costs
No provision for cooling
the home
No filtering of the air
Difficulty in locating parts
Heat Pumps
Heat pumps move heat from one fluid to another.

Air (air-source) Inside Air

Water
(geothermal)
Heat Pumps
Air-source Heat Pumps

Most heat pumps operate:


Twice as efficiently as conventional electric
resistance heating systems
Have a 15 year life compared to 20 years
for furnaces
Air Conditioner Vapor Compression Cycle
Air Conditioner Vapor Compression Cycle

Compressor
Air Conditioner Vapor Compression Cycle

Fan/Condensing Coil
Air Conditioner Vapor Compression Cycle

Refrigerant
Air Conditioner Vapor Compression Cycle

Evaporator Coil
Air Conditioner Vapor Compression Cycle

Duct Heater
Heat Pumps

Balance point = temperature at which heat


pumps can no longer meet the heating load
Outside temperatures of 25 to 35F
Supplemental heat needed
Heat Pumps

Some homes use a dual-fuel system.

Heat Gas
Pump Furnace
Heat Pumps

Air-source heat pumps need outdoor


thermostats.
This prevents operation of the strip heater at
temperatures above 35F.
Many mechanical and energy codes require
controls to prevent strip heater operation
during weather when the heat pump alone
could provide adequate heating.
Efficiency

Heating efficiency of a heat pump is measured by


its Heating Season Performance Factor (HSPF).

HSPF = ratio of heat provided in Btu per hour to


watts of electricity used
HSPF

Minimum efficiency = 7.7 HSPF


Medium efficiency = 8.0 HSPF
High efficiency = 8.2 HSPF

Variable speed heat pumps = 9.0 HSPF


Geothermal heat pumps > 10.0 HSPF

7.0 10.0
HSPF
HSPF and specific climates
In colder climates, the
HSPF declines
In warmer climates, the
HSPF increases
In Climate Zone 4, in the
winter, the predicted
HSPF is approximately
15% less than the
reported HSPF
Geothermal Heat Pumps

A geothermal heat
pump relies on fluid-
filled pipes, buried,
as a source of
heating in winter and
cooling in summer
~54F
Geothermal Heat Pump
Closed Loop Designs

Deep well systems:


Piping loop
extends several
hundred feet
underground

~54F
Closed Loop Designs
Shallow loops are placed in long trenches, like a slinky
Closed Loop Designs
Geothermal Heat Pumps

Proper installation is essential for high


performance
Longer service than air-source units
Cost is $1,300 to $2,300 more per ton
than conventional air-source heat pumps
Geothermal Heat Pump Efficiency

Coefficient of Performance (COP) = heating efficiency of


a geothermal heat pump

COP measures the


number of units of
heating or cooling
produced by a unit of
electricity
Geothermal Heat Pump Efficiency

COP is a more direct measure of


efficiency than the HSPF
COPs are provided for different supply
water temperatures
If COP = 3.0, the system would be
operating at 300% efficiency
Furnace Equipment

Which is more economical? heat pump or furnace

Variables:
Type of fuel burned
Its price
Homes design
Outdoor climate
Furnace Operation

Furnaces require
Oxygen (for combustion)
Extra air (to vent exhaust
gases)
Furnace Operation

Common
Use the surrounding air for combustion and
exhaust venting
Problem: malfunctioning heater may allow
flue gases into the area around the furnace
Furnace Operation

Bring combustion air into the burner area


via sealed inlets that extend to outside air
Can be in the conditioned area of a home
Furnace Operation

New furnaces have forced draft exhaust


systems
A blower propels exhaust gases out the flue
to the outdoors
Atmospheric furnaces have no forced draft fan
Must be isolated from conditioned space
Sealed Mechanical Room Design
Measures of Efficiency

AFUE = efficiency of a gas furnace

Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency (AFUE) = a


rating which takes into consideration losses
from pilot lights, start-up and stopping
AFUE

78% = minimum 97% = AFUE for furnaces


AFUE for most with condensing heat
furnaces exchangers

The AFUE does not consider the units electricity


use for fans and blowers
AFUE

AFUE = 78%

$ .78 worth of usable heat


is produced
$ .22 worth of energy is
lost
AFUE

Efficiency is highest
if the furnace
operates for longer
periods
Oversized units run
intermittently and
reduce operating
efficiencies
AFUE

78% to 87% AFUE units 90% AFUE units have:


have: special secondary heat exchangers that
electronic ignitions cool flue gases until they partially
efficient heat condense
exchangers, heat losses up the flue are virtually
better intake air eliminated
controls
induced draft blowers
AFUE

Condensing furnaces
A drain line must be connected to the flue to
catch condensate
With cooler exhaust gas, the flue can be made
of plastic pipe
Condensing Furnaces

Secondary heat exchanger


Increases efficiency
Pulse furnace
Achieves efficiencies over 90% using a spark
plug to explode gases, sending a shock wave
out an exhaust tailpipe
Noisy
Economic Analysis

Economic Analysis of Gas Furnaces

Type of Treatment Energy Savings*($/yr) Compared to


Break-even Investment ($)
AFUE 0.95 AFUE 0.80

Code Home 42 477

ENERGY STAR Home 31 352

*For a system in Lexington, KY


Electric Integrated Systems

A central heat pump that provides water heating,


space heating and air conditioning should:
Have a proven track record
Have comparable price
Have a 5 year warranty
Be properly sized for both the heating and hot
water load
Unvented Fuel-fired Heaters

Malfunction could be life threatening


Can cause serious moisture problems
Unvented Heater
Direct Vent Heater
Air Conditioning

In summer, air conditioners


and heat pumps work
the same way to provide
cooling and
dehumidification.
Air Conditioner

System:
Air-handling unit houses
Evaporator coil
Indoor blower
Expansion or throttling valve
Controls
Ductwork
Air Conditioner Vapor Compression Cycle
Air Conditioner Vapor Compression Cycle

Compressor
Air Conditioner Vapor Compression Cycle

Fans
Air Conditioner Vapor Compression Cycle

Pressurized Liquid piped to


Air-Handling Unit
Air Conditioner Vapor Compression Cycle

Evaporator Coils
Air Conditioners

Homeowners will frequently


lower the thermostat if a/c
units are not providing
sufficient dehumidification.
Every degree the thermostat is
lowered will increase cooling
bills 3% to 7%
SEER Rating

The cooling efficiency of a heat pump or an air


conditioner is rated by the Seasonal Energy
Efficiency Ratio (SEER).

SEER = a ratio of the average amount of


cooling provided during the cooling season to
the amount of electricity used.
SEER

National legislation mandates:


A minimum SEER 13.0 for
most residential air
conditioners
Efficiencies can exceed SEER
19.0
SEER

SEER and specific climates


In warmer climates, the
SEER declines
In Climate Zone 4, the
predicted SEER is
approximately 5% less than
the reported SEER
Economics

Air Conditioner Economics

Type of Treatment Energy Savings* ($/yr) Break-even Investment ($)

SEER 14 (3 tons) - compared to SEER 13 20 227

SEER 15 (3 tons) - compared to SEER 14 32 363

*For a system in Lexington, KY


Variable Speed Units

Advantages
Save energy
Quiet
Dehumidify
Proper Installation

How much lower is the operating efficiency, in


hot weather, of a SEER 13 air conditioning
system, with leaky ductwork?
1% to 4% lower
10% to 20% lower
25% to 40% lower
Over 50%
Proper Installation

How much lower is the operating efficiency, in


hot weather, of a SEER 13 air conditioning
system, with leaky ductwork?
1% to 4% lower
10% to 20% lower
25% to 40% lower
Over 50%
Variable Speed Units

Typical installation problems:


Improper charging of the system
For new construction, the refrigerant
should be weighed in
Variable Speed Units

Typical installation problems:


Improper charging of the system
Reduced air flow
A 20% reduced air flow can drop the operating
efficiency of the unit by 1.7 SEER points
Variable Speed Units

Typical installation problems:


Improper charging of the system
Reduced air flow
Inadequate air flow to the outdoor unit
Air temperatures around the unit rise, making it
more difficult for the unit to cool the circulating
refrigerant
HVAC

Proper Proper Proper


Design and Installation Operation
Size
Sizing

Energy efficient and passive solar homes have


less demand for heating and cooling
Install smaller units that are properly sized
High efficiency systems will not provide as much
annual savings on energy bills
May not be as cost effective as in less efficient homes
Sizing

Oversized equipment
Costs more
Wastes energy
May decrease comfort
Inadequate dehumidification
Sizing

Rule of thumb
600 square feet of cooled area per ton of air
conditioning
Sizing

Heating and cooling load calculations rely on:


Outside winter and summer design
temperatures
Size and type of construction for each
component of the building envelope
Heat given off by the lights, people and
equipment inside the house
Sizing
Equipment Sizing Comparison

Exceeds ENERGY STAR Home


Type of House Code Home HERS = 98 ENERGY STAR Home HERS = 85
HERS = 70

HVAC System Sizing

Heating (BTU/hour) 52,200 38,800 25,700

Cooling (BTU/hour) 31,700 25,700 19,800

Estimated tons of cooling* 3.0 2.5 2.0

Square feet/ton 667 800 1,000

*Estimated at 110% of calculated size. There are 12,000 Btu/hour in a ton of cooling.
Sizing

Latent load = amount of dehumidification


needed for the home

Sensible Heating Fraction (SHF) = portion of the


cooling load for reducing indoor temperatures
Sensible Heating Fraction
HVAC unit with 0.75 SHF

25%
Cools the
temperature of
indoor air
Latent heat removal

75%
SHF

Many homes in Climate


Zone 4 have design
SHFs of 0.7
70% sensible cooling
30% latent
Temperature Controls

Thermostat
Programmable (setback) thermostat
Energy saver
Automatically adjust
Must be designed for the particular heating and
cooling equipment it will be controlling
Thermostat

Centrally located
Should not receive direct sunlight or be near a
heat-producing appliance
A good location is 4 to 5 feet above the floor
in an interior hallway near a return
Interior wall on which it is installed should be
well sealed at the top and bottom
Zoned HVAC Systems

Larger homes
often use 2 or
more separate
heating and air
conditioning units
Zoned HVAC Systems

A single system with damper control over the


ductwork

1. Install a manufactured system that uses a


dampered bypass duct connecting the supply
plenum to the return ductwork
Automatic Zones System
Zoned HVAC Systems

2. Create two zones and oversize the ductwork


3. Use a variable speed HVAC system with a
variable speed fan for the duct system
Cooling Equipment Selection
Sample Cooling System A Data, SEER 15
Sensible Heating Fraction (SHF)
Total Air Volume Total Cooling
Dry Bulb (F)
(cfm) Capacity (Btu/h)
75F 80F 85F

950 35,800 0.58 0.71 0.84

1,200 37,500 0.61 0.76 0.91

1,450 38,800 0.64 0.81 0.96

Sample Cooling System B Data, SEER 13


Sensible Heating Fraction (SHF)
Total Air Volume Total Cooling
Dry Bulb (F)
(cfm) Capacity (Btu/h)
75F 80F 85F

950 32,000 0.56 0.67 0.78

1,200 34,100 0.58 0.71 0.84

1,450 35,600 0.61 0.76 0.90


Ventilation and Indoor Air Quality

Ventilation
Removes stale interior air
Removes excessive moisture
Provides oxygen
Ventilation
Ventilation

Amount
7.5 natural cubic feet per minute of fresh air
per bedroom + 1, plus additional air flow
equal to (in cubic feet per minute) 1% of the
house conditioned area, measured in square
feet
Ventilation

7.5 cfm x (3 + 1)+ 1% of floor area (2,000) =


30 cfm + 20 cfm = 50 cfm
Leaks
Ventilation with Spot Fan
Spot Ventilation

Bathroom fans
Range hoods
Choose low
sone fans rated
for continuous
use

91
In-Line Ventilation with Spot Fan
Central Ventilation System

Pick-up ducts
connected to
bedrooms and
bathrooms
3-speed blower

93
Spot Ventilation
Whole House Fan

Images courtesy of U.S. EPA


Supplying Outside Air from Air Leaks
Supplying Outside Air from Inlet Vents

Provide fresh outside air through inlet vents


Purchased from energy specialty outlets
Located in exterior walls
Control either manually or with humidity
sensors
Locate in bedroom closets with louvered
doors or high on exterior walls
Supplying Outside Air via Ducted Make-up Air

Provide fresh outside air through the ducts for a


forced-air heating and cooling system
Automatically controlled outside air damper in
the return duct system
Blower either the air handler or a smaller
unit specifically designed to provide
ventilation air
Fresh Air and Dehumidification Strategies
Heat Recovery Ventilators

Separate duct systems


Enthalpy heat exchangers can recapture cooling energy
in summer
Heat Recovery Ventilators (HRV)

Stale room air return


ducts

Exhaust air outlet

Fresh air inlet


Heat recovery ventilator
(not part of HVAC system)

101
Sample Ventilation Plans

Mechanical ventilation
system plans are
routine for
commercial buildings
Upgraded Exhaust Ventilation
Whole House Ventilation System
DESIGN 2
Heat Recovery Ventilation System
Radon

Cancer-causing, radioactive Is not visible


gas Has no odor
Found in soils Has no taste
Radon

Highest potential

Moderate potential

Low potential
Removing Radon

Ventilate under the foundation to help


remove radon and other soil gases
More cost-effective to include any radon
resistant techniques while building a home
Radon Resistant Construction
Radon Resistant Construction

Perforated T fitting is Attach a fan to the


attached to a vertical passive system to create
plastic vent stack that suction to pull the
penetrates the roof radon out of the ground
T is buried in gravel and exhaust through
under the foundation the stack
slab and radon can
escape
Radon Resistant Construction

SLAB-ON-GRADE OR BASEMENT
Use a 4 to 6 inch gravel base
Install continuous layer of 6-mil polyethylene
Stub in T below polyethylene that protrudes
through polyethylene and extends above
poured floor height
Pour slab or basement floor
Seal slab joints with caulk
Radon Resistant Construction

CRAWL SPACE
Install sealed, continuous layer of 6-mil polyethylene
Install T below polyethylene that protrudes
through polyethylene
Radon Resistant Construction
ALL FOUNDATIONS
Install a vertical 3-inch PVC pipe
from the foundation to the roof
through an interior wall
Connect the T to the vertical 3-
inch PVC pipe for passive mitigation
Have electrician stub-in junction
box in attic
Label PVC pipe RADON so that
future plumbing work will not be
tied into the stack
Testing for Radon

Test for elevated radon levels


Do-it-yourself radon test kits
are available
If high:
Easy and inexpensive to make
an active system from an
existing passive system
Add an in-line fan
Summary

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