INTRODUCTION

First applications of geotextiles woven industrial fabrics were used in 1950s. The
first nonwoven Geotextile was developed in 1968 by the Rhone Poulence
company in France. It was a comparatively thick needle-punched polyester, which
was used in dam construction in France during 1970.

Geo-textiles also known as industrial textiles, high performance textiles, engineered

textiles, technical textiles.

Generally made up of woven, non-wovens and knitted type of fabrics. A geotextile

should consist of a stable network that retains its relative structure during
handling, placement, and long- term service.
GEOTEXTILE ?

Geotextiles are permeable fabrics which, when used in association with soil, have
the ability to separate, filter, reinforce, protect, or drain. Typically made
from polypropylene or polyester.

They are used to improve the performance and reduce costs of virtually all civil
engineering structures, including subsurface drains, roadways, railroads, erosion
control embankments, landfills, and retaining wall systems.

TYPES OF GEOTEXTILES

Woven Fabrics. Non-Woven Fabrics Knitted Fabrics

GEO-TEXTILES MANUFACTURE

Materials generally used:

Polypropylene
Polyester
Polyethylene
Polyamide(nylon)
Polyvinylidene chloride Kevlar
Fiberglass
A thread is required for geo-textiles that is made of Kevlar or any of these
materials above. By changing the processing methods used to form the molten
material into filaments and by the use of additives in the composition, the properties
of these polymers can be changed.

Manufacture
There are 2 types of construction of geo-textiles
Woven construction
Non-Woven construction
WOVEN CONSTRUCTION

It is a traditional and old method from which woven geo-textiles can be

manufactured, i.e., plain weave, twill weave and satin weave.
In woven construction, the wrap yarns are interlaced with fill or filling yarns.

The construction can be varied so that the finished geotextile has equal or different
strengths in the warp and fill directions.
WOVEN CONSTRUCTION (Contd.)

Woven construction produces geotextiles with simple pore structure and narrow
range of pore sizes or openings between fibers.
Woven geotextiles can be composed of monofilaments or multifilament yarns.
Multifilament woven construction produces the highest strength and modulus of all
the constructions but are also the expensive.
A monofilament variant is the slit-film or ribbon filament woven geotextile. The
fibers are thin and flat and made by cutting sheets of plastic into narrow strips.
This type of woven geotextile is relatively inexpensive and is used for separation
(i.e., the prevention of intermixing of two materials such as aggregate and fine
grained soil).
NON-WOVEN CONSTRUCTION (Contd)

Nonwoven geotextiles are formed by a process other than weaving and knitting,
and they are generally thicker than woven products.
These geotextiles may be made either from continuous filaments or from staple
fibers.
The fibers are generally oriented randomly within the plane of the geotextile but
can be given preferential orientation.
In the spunbonding process, filaments are extruded, and laid directly on the
moving belt to form the mat, which is then bonded using different processes.
NON-WOVEN CONSTRUCTION (Contd)

The different processes used for bonding the geotextile are,

Needle punching

Heating bonding

Resin bonding

Combination bonding

Needle punching - In this the bonding is done by pushing many barbed needles
through one or several layers of a fiber mat normal to the plane of the geotextile.
This process causes the fibers to be mechanically entangled. The resulting geotextile
has the appearance of a felt mat.
NON-WOVEN CONSTRUCTION (Contd)

Heat bonding - This is done by incorporating fibers of the same polymer type but
having different melting points in the mat, or by using hetero filaments, i.e., fibers
composed of one type of polymer on the inside and covered or sheathed with a
polymer having a lower melting point.

Resin bonding Resin is introduced into the fiber mat, coating the fibers and
bonding the contacts between fibers.
NON-WOVEN CONSTRUCTION (Contd)

Combination bonding A combination of bonding techniques is used to facilitate

manufacturing or obtain desired properties.

Composite geotextiles are materials which combine two or more of the fabrication
techniques. The most common composite geotextile is a nonwoven mat that has
been bonded by needle punching to one or both sides of woven scrim.
WOVEN FABRICS GEOTEXTILE

Woven Geotextiles are some of the strongest fabrics available for erosion control,
stabilization and aggregate separation. Offering an increased grab tensile strength.
A robust design that allows them to be successfully implemented in almost any
location, including the following:
Pavement
Roads
Railroads
Structures

Woven Non-Woven
NON-WOVEN FABRICS GEOTEXTILE

The Non Woven Fabric Geotextile is used in a variety of civil and environmental
applications to separate aggregates, filter materials and provide a reliable
foundation under specific areas.
nonwoven geotextiles are an ideal solution for separation, drainage, sediment
control, cushioning and various other construction
FUNCTIONS

Filtration:
The equilibrium geotextile to soil system that allows for adequate liquid
flow with limited soil loss across the plane of geotextile over a service lifetime.

Drainage/Transmissivity:
Ability of thick nonwoven geotextile whose 3-dimensional
structure provides an avenue for flow of water through the plane of the geotextile.
FUNCTIONS

Separation:
The introduction of a flexible porous textile placed between dissimilar
materials so that the integrity and functioning of both the materials can remain
intact or be improved.

Reinforcement:
Geotextile acts as a reinforcing element in a soil mass or in
combination with the soil to produce a composite that has improved strength and
deformation properties.

Sealing:
The classic application of a geoxtile as a liquid barrier is paved road
rehabilitation.
It minimizes vertical flow of water into the pavement structure.
Separation Reinforcement

Sealing
APPLICATION OF GEO-TEXTILES

Roadways, parking lots, loading areas and construction sites

Prevent drainage systems from clogging with fine particles
Fluid transmission
For waterway erosion control
Reduce soil piping and embankment erosion
Prevention of weed growth (in horticulture applications)
Moisture conservation (in horticulture applications)
Geotextiles can improve soil strength at a lower cost than conventional soil nailing.
ADVANTAGES

Easier to install either manually or mechanically.

Low cost.

Durable.

Low Elongation with high Tensile strength.

High strength to weight ratio.

Flexible.

Bio-degradable properties.

They can carry out distributed load.

Geotextile filter, being permeable allows water to

pass through releasing water pressure but prevents

soil erosion.
A single layer of geotextile can replace a succession

of stone filter layers.

DISADVANTAGES

Properly installed mattings provide excellent erosion control but do so at relatively

high cost
Geotextiles and mats may delay seed germination, due to reduction in soil
temperature
Plastic sheeting is easily vandalized, easily torn, photodegradable.
Plastic results in 100% runoff, which may cause serious erosion problems in the
areas receiving the increased flow.

Delay of seed germination Aging of geo textiles

USES

Separation .
Stabilization.
Reinforcement.
Filtration.
Drainage.
Moisture Barrier.
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