Karakterisasi Materials

Departemen Metalurgi & Materials FTUI

Lecture 6 Review Mechanical

Properties of Materials

Dr. Ir. Winarto, M.Sc.

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Mechanical Properties of
Engineering Materials
Strength
Tension, compression, shear, and Flexure
Static, impact, and endurance
Stiffness
Elasticity/Plasticity
Ductility/Brittleness
Hardness & Wear resistance
Creep & Fatigue

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Terminology for Mechanical Properties

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The Tensile Test: Use of the Stress-
Strain Diagram

Load - The force applied to a material during

testing.
Strain gage or Extensometer - A device used for
measuring change in length and hence strain.
Engineering stress - The applied load, or force,
divided by the original cross-sectional area of the
material.
Engineering strain - The amount that a material
deforms per unit length in a tensile test.

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Figure 6.7 A
unidirectional
force is applied to
a specimen in the
tensile test by
means of the
moveable
crosshead. The
cross-head
movement can be
performed using
screws or a
hydraulic
mechanism

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materials. Note that these are qualitative
Figure 6.9 Tensile stress-strain curves for different

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Figure 6.10 The stress-strain curve for an aluminum

alloy from Table 6-1

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 Properties Obtained from
the Tensile Test

Elastic limit
Tensile strength, Necking
Hookes law
Poissons ratio
Modulus of resilience (Er)
Tensile toughness
Ductility

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Figure 6.12 Localized deformation of a ductile material

during a tensile test produces a necked region. The
micrograph shows necked region in a fractured sample

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 The Bend Test for Brittle Materials
Bend test - Application of a force to the center of a bar
that is supported on each end to determine the
resistance of the material to a static or slowly applied
load.
Flexural strength or modulus of rupture -The stress
required to fracture a specimen in a bend test.
Flexural modulus - The modulus of elasticity calculated
from the results of a bend test, giving the slope of the
stress-deflection curve.

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Figure 6.18 The stress-strain behavior of brittle materials

compared with that of more ductile materials

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Figure 6.19 (a) The bend test often used for measuring
the strength of brittle materials, and (b) the deflection
obtained by bending

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Stress-
deflection

a bend test
Figure 6.20

curve for Mg0

obtained from

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 Hardness of Materials
Hardness test - Measures the resistance of a material to
penetration by a sharp object.
Macrohardness - Overall bulk hardness of materials
measured using loads >2 N.
Microhardness Hardness of materials typically measured
using loads less than 2 N using such test as Knoop
(HK).
Nano-hardness - Hardness of materials measured at 1
10 nm length scale using extremely small (~100 N)
forces.

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license.

Figure 6.23 Indentors for the Brinell and Rockwell hardness

tests

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 Strain Rate Effects and Impact
Behavior
Impact test - Measures the ability of a material to absorb
the sudden application of a load without breaking.
Impact energy - The energy required to fracture a
standard specimen when the load is applied suddenly.
Impact toughness - Energy absorbed by a material,
usually notched, during fracture, under the conditions of
impact test.
Fracture toughness - The resistance of a material to
failure in the presence of a flaw.

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Figure 6.26 The impact test: (a) The Charpy and Izod
tests, and (b) dimensions of typical specimens

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Properties Obtained from the Impact
Test
Ductile to brittle transition temperature (DBTT) - The
temperature below which a material behaves in a brittle
manner in an impact test.
Notch sensitivity - Measures the effect of a notch,
scratch, or other imperfection on a materials properties,
such as toughness or fatigue life.

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Figure 6.28 The

Charpy V-notch
properties for a
BCC carbon steel
and a FCC
stainless steel.
The FCC crystal
structure typically
leads top higher
absorbed energies
and no transition
temperature

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 Fatigue

Fatigue is the lowering of strength or failure of a material

due to repetitive stress which may be above or below the
yield strength.
Creep - A time dependent, permanent deformation at high
temperatures, occurring at constant load or constant
stress.
Beach or clamshell marks - Patterns often seen on a
component subjected to fatigue.
Rotating cantilever beam test - An older test for fatigue
testing.
S-N curve (also known as the Whler curve) - A graph
showing stress as a function of number of cycles in
fatigue.
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 Figure 6.48
Schematic
representation of a
fatigue fracture
surface in a steel
shaft, showing the
initiation region, the
propagation of
fatigue crack (with
beam markings),
and catastrophic
rupture when the
crack length exceeds
a critical value at the
applied stress
(c)2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning is a trademark used herein under license.

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Figure 6.50 The stress-number of cycles to failure (S-N)

curves for a tool steel and an aluminum alloy

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 Results of the Fatigue Test

Endurance limit - An older concept that defined a stress

below which a material will not fail in a fatigue test.
Fatigue life - The number of cycles permitted at a
particular stress before a material fails by fatigue.
Fatigue strength - The stress required to cause failure by
fatigue in a given number of cycles, such as 500 million
cycles.
Notch sensitivity - Measures the effect of a notch, scratch,
or other imperfection on a materials properties, such as
toughness or fatigue life.
Shot peening - A process in which metal spheres are shot
at a component.

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Figure 6.50 The stress-number of cycles to failure (S-N)

curves for a tool steel and an aluminum alloy

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 Evaluation of Creep Behavior

Creep test - Measures the resistance of a material to

deformation and failure when subjected to a static
load below the yield strength at an elevated
temperature.
Climb - Movement of a dislocation perpendicular to
its slip plane by the diffusion of atoms to or from the
dislocation line.
Creep rate - The rate at which a material deforms
when a stress is applied at a high temperature.
Rupture time - The time required for a specimen to
fail by creep at a particular temperature and stress.

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herein under license.

Figure 6.56 A typical creep curve showing the

strain produced as a function of time for a
constant stress and temperature

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Figure 6.58 The effect of temperature or applied stress

on the creep curve

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 Use of Creep Data

Stress-rupture curve - A method of reporting the

results of a series of creep tests by plotting the
applied stress versus the rupture time.
Larson-Miller parameter - A parameter used to relate
the stress, temperature, and rupture time in creep.

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Figure 6.59 Results from a series of creep tests. (a) Stress-

rupture curves for an iron-chromium-nickel alloy and (b)
the Larson-Miller parameter for ductile cast iron

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THANK YOU

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