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Region-Based Segmentation

Outline
Region-based Segmentation
Morphological Filters

Region-Based Segmentation
Topic: Region-based Segmentation
Region-based Segmentation
Morphological Filters
Why Region-Based Segmentation?
Segmentation
Edge detection and Thresholding not always effective.
Homogenous regions
Region-based segmentation.
Effective in noisy images.
Definitions
Based on sets.
R7
Each image R is a set of regions Ri. R6

Every pixel belongs to one region. R 1


R5
One pixel can only belong to a single region.
R2 R3

R4

S
R Ri Ri R j
i 1
R7
R6

R1
R5

R2
R3

R4

VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation


Basic Formulation
Let
a) R represent the entire
Every pixel mustimage region.
be in Segmentation partitions R into n subregions, R 1, R2, ..., Rn, such that:
a region
a)
b) Points in a region must be connected.
n

c) Regions
must Ri Rbe disjoint.
b) i 1

d) All pixelsRiinis aaconnected


region satisfy
region, i specific
1, 2 , ..., nproperties.
.
e)
c) Different regions have different properties.
Ri R j for all i and j , i j

d) P( Ri ) TRUE for i 1,2,..., n.

e) P ( Ri R j ) FALSE for i j.

VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation


How do we form regions?
Region Growing
Region Merging
Region Splitting
Split and Merge
Watershed
...

What a computer sees

VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation


Region growing
Iterative
Groups pixels
process
into larger regions.
Howwith
Starts to start?
a seed region.
How to iterate?
Grows region by merging neighboring pixels.
When to stop?

Finish

Initial Stop
Iterations
Regions Condition

VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation


VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation
Region merging
Algorithm
Divide image into an initial set of regions.
One region per pixel.
Define a similarity criteria for merging regions.
Merge similar regions.
Repeat previous step until no more merge operations are possible.

VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation


Similarity Criteria
Homogeneity of regions is used as the main segmentation criterion in
region growing.
gray level
color, texture
shape Choice of criteria
model affects segmentation
results dramatically!
etc.

VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation


Gray-Level Criteria
Comparing to Original Seed Pixel
Very sensitive to choice of seed point.
Comparing to Neighbor in Region
Allows gradual changes in the region.
Can cause significant drift.
Comparing to Region Statistics
Acts as a drift dampener.
Other possibilities!

VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation


Region splitting
Algorithm R1 R2
R1
One initial set that includes the whole image.
Similarity criteria. R3 R4
Iteratively split regions into sub-regions.
Stop when no more splittings are possible.

R1 R2 R3
R1 R2
R4 R5
R3
R4 R5 R6 R7 R6 R7

VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation


VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation
[Machine Vision; David Vernon]
Split and Merge
Combination of both algorithms.
Can handle a larger variety of shapes.
Simply apply previous algorithms consecutively.

VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation


The Watershed Transform
Geographical inspiration.
Shed water over rugged terrain.
Each lake corresponds to a region.
Characteristics
Computationally complex.
Great flexibility in segmentation.
Risk of over-segmentation.

VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation


The Drainage Analogy
Two points are in the same region if they drain to the
same point.

Courtesy of Dr. Peter Yim at National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD

VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation


The Immersion Analogy

VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation


[Milan Sonka,
Vaclav Hlavac,
and Roger Boyle]

VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation


Over-Segmentation
Over-segmentation.
Raw watershed segmentation produces a severely oversegmented image with
hundreds or thousands of catchment basins.
Post-Processing.
Region merging.
Edge information.
Etc.

VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation


Topic: Morphological Filters
Region-based Segmentation
Morphological Filters

VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation


Mathematical Morphology
What
Provides
is this
a mathematical
used for? description of geometric structures.
Binary
Based onimages.
sets.
Can be used
Groups for post-processing
of pixels which define an segmentation
image region. results!
Core techniques
Erosion, Dilation.
Open, Close.

VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation


Tumor Segmentation using Morphologic Filtering

VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation


Dilation, Erosion
Two sets:
Image
Morphological kernel.
Dilation (D)
Union of the kernel with the image set.
Increases resulting area.
Erosion (E)
Intersection.
Decreases resulting area.

VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation


Dilation
Example using a 3x3 morphological kernel

VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation


Erosion
Example using a 3x3 morphological kernel

VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation


Opening, Closing
Opening
Erosion, followed by dilation.
Less destructive than an erosion.
Adapts image shape to kernel shape.
Closing
Dilation, followed by erosion.
Less destructive than a dilation.
Tends to close shape irregularities.

VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation


Opening
Example using a 3x3 morphological kernel

VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation


Closing
Example using a 3x3 morphological kernel

VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation


Core morphological operators

Dilation Erosion

Closing Opening

VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation


Example: Opening

Opening

Tresholding

VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation


Example: Closing

Closing

VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation


Connected Component Analysis
Define connected.
4 neighbors.
8 neighbors.
Search the image for seed points.
Recursively obtain all connected points of the seeded region.

VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation


Resources
Gonzalez & Woods - Chapter 7 and 8

VC 14/15 - TP9 - Region-Based Segmentation

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