Program StudiTeknik Geologi Dr. Ir.

Eko Widianto, MT
FakultasTeknologi Kebumian dan Energi Semester Ganjil_2015 - 2016
UniversitasTrisakti
 LECTURE MATERIALS
1 Introduction: Level of Petroleum Investigation
2 Geophysics and Reservoir Management
3 Field Discovery and Delineation Problem
4 Development and Production Problem
5 Seismic Attributes, DHI and Seismic Pitfalls
6 Seismic Inversion and AVO Analysis
7 Reservoir Modeling
8 Reservoir Monitoring
9 Reservoir Geophysics and Emerging Technology
10 4D Seismic Data: Case History
2
 AGENDA

INTRODUCTION
Geophysics and Reservoir Development
Integrated Reservoir Management
The Role of Geophysics in Reservoir Management
Predevelopment Phase
Initial Development Phase
Operating Phase
Enhance Recovery Phase

SYNERGISM IN RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT

Reservoir Description The Key to Reservoir Management
Timing of Data Acquisition
Synergism and Organization

RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT USING 3-D SEISMIC DATA

Geometric Framework
Rock / Fluid Properties
Flow Surveillance
 INTRODUCTION

OLD PARADIGM OF PETROLEUM EXPLORATION AND

DEVELOPMENT HISTORY

Application of Geophysical technology limited to

Exploration
Objectives of the geophysicists, geologist and
engineer are quite difference
Individual work
Separate Department
One-way communication
Inefficient method of communication
(Sheriff, 1994)
 MANY EFFORTS TO IMPROVE THIS SITUATION (1)

1983-1984:

SEG Development and Production Committee: improving

communication between Geophysicists, development
geologist and reservoir engineers.
AAPG set up the Development Geology Committee.
The Chairmen of respective SEG and AAPG committees
became members of each others committees.
Geophysicists and geologists then had a number of
communication vehicle, but not so between geophysicists
and engineers.
SEG Development and Production Committee
concentrated its efforts on communication between
geophysicists and engineers.

(Sheriff, 1994)
 MANY EFFORTS TO IMPROVE THIS SITUATION (2)

1983-1984:

First objective should be educating geophysicists and

engineers in each other disciplines, that is telling
geophysicists what engineers need to know and telling
engineers what geophysicists can do for them.
Getting geophysicists and engineers to talk with each other
turned out to be more difficult than originally anticipated.
There was no broad-scale recognition that the different
disciplines had much to contribute to each other.
Accordingly, the committee has emphasized
communicating case histories that show how the disciplines
have contributed significantly.

(Sheriff, 1994)
Geophysics
and Reservoir Development (1)
The complete description of a reservoir from engineering perspective
requires measurement over many length scales. These scales range
from core analysis of the effects of pore microstructure on fluid flow,
to the mapping of large faults which define the limit of reservoir.

(Sheriff, 1994)
 Geophysics
and Reservoir Development (2)
Integrated approach to reservoir development planning is most cost
effective.
Teams of geophysicists, geologists and engineers plan the acquisition
of data from the best sources and analyze and integrate all the
information into a consistent description of reservoir.
This team approach requires that each member must understand the
technology involved in obtaining each source of data and the data
accuracy so the best possible information is used to estimate
reservoir properties.
For the development geologist or reservoir engineer, the technical
background (in non-mathematical terms) to evaluate geophysical
data as a source of information for reservoir description is provided.
For the practicing geophysicist, as well as geologist and engineer,
case studies which illustrate the proven and potential value of
geophysical data to solutions of reservoir production and
development problems.

(Sheriff, 1994)
Integrated Reservoir Development

The reasons to move toward a team approach:

The decision to develop a new field requires accurate

appraisals of oil and gas in place, potential production
rates, and ultimate recovery.
On stream quicker
New fields tend to be smaller and more complex than
those found in the past.
The climate of uncertain oil and gas supplies and unstable
prices, many companies are focusing on increasing
reserves by more precise definition and detailed
characterization of matures fields.

(Sheriff, 1994)
The Role of Geophysics in Reservoir
Management (1)
1. Reservoir management is maximizing the economic value of a
reservoir by optimizing recovery of hydrocarbons while
minimizing capital investments and operating expenses. Thus,
reservoir management is the economic process of raising the
worth of a property to its highest possible level. Economic value
generally increase when more reserve are proved or when
reservoirs producing rate increases. Capital investments and
operating expenses must be incurred to find and develop
reserves.

2. Development strategies must meet these 5 objectives:

a) Reduce the cost of field development, which often translates
to minimizing the number of wells,
b) Optimize total reserves,
c) Optimize production recovery,
d) Reduce operating costs of the developed field, and
e) Enhance recovery if economically justified.
(Sheriff, 1994)
The Role of Geophysics in Reservoir
Management (2)
1. Reservoir management impact from geophysics are
identified two significant technical challenges:

A. Accurate characterization of the reservoir in terms of

volumetric, fluid properties, lithology, and continuity.
B. Improve reservoir surveillance techniques so that fields under
production may be accurately monitored and efficiently
managed.

2. Economic impact

a) Geophysical analysis can lead to the identification of reserves

that may not be produced by the existing development plan.
b) Geophysics can save costs by minimizing dry holes and poor
producers.
c) Thus, geophysical data can contribute to reservoir economics
by adding reserves or by lowering costs or by either.
(Sheriff, 1994)
Synergism
in Reservoir Management

Modern reservoir management requires teamwork and close

coordination among geologist, geophysicists, and engineers
at all stages of a reservoirs life.

1. Develop fields in more efficient and cost-effective ways.

2. Much of the search for oil and gas in high-cost, frontier.
3. Economic pressure require that fields be brought on stream
quicker and that recovery be increased.
4. New fields are often smaller and more complex.
5. Many fields are marginal and economically sensitive
because of their geographic location.
6. Primary and enhance recovery processes require more
accurate and complete reservoir description to reduce
engineering risks within tolerable bounds.
(Sheriff, 1994)
 Reservoir Description The Key to Reservoir
Management (1)
1. A comprehensive and detailed picture of the reservoir rocks and fluids
and the aquifer is essential to optimize hydrocarbon recovery and
maximize income.

2. The need for reservoir description starts when a discovery is made

and is appraised to obtain the best estimates of hydrocarbon in place,
recoverable reserves, and rate of production.

3. Some key questions and problems to be solved during field or

reservoir exploitation as follow:
a) What does the reservoir look like? What is its external geometry
and what is the continuity of the internal pore space and fluids?
b) Will the reservoir have an effective natural water drive? If so,
what is the aquifer geometry, continuity and strength?
c) Where should wells and platforms be located?
d) How should the wells be completed and perforated?
e) Will recoveries be better by water or gas displacement?
f) Will water or gas injection be needed and when?
g) Will enhanced recovery process be needed and when? (Sheriff, 1994)
 Reservoir Description The Key to Reservoir
Management (2)

In order to answer this question, 3-D distribution and continuity of the

pore-fluid system of reservoir and aquifer system is required.

a) Geological and geophysical data are essential elements of most

aspects of reservoir description.
b) Seismic facies analysis and well-documented outcrop studies can
add significantly in establishing inter well correlation.
c) Maps, structural and stratigraphic cross section, fence and block
diagrams are use to convey the 3-D geometry, distribution,
continuity of the reservoir, non reservoir and aquifer.
d) Isopach maps, drawn to provide the basis for determining
hydrocarbon in-place.
e) For displacement recovery processes, the determination of pay
continuity and the estimation of percent pay that will be floodable
based on the well spacing have a major impact on recovery
estimates and on the decision to infill.

(Sheriff, 1994)
Timing of Data Acquisition

A coordinated data acquisition program, develop by

the reservoir management team, can greatly
improve the probability of correct assessment in
the appraisal, planning, development and
management stage of a reservoirs life.

1. Predevelopment (Appraisal)
2. Initial Development (Planning)
3. Operating (Development)
4. Enhance Recovery (Management)

(Sheriff, 1994)
Pre Development Phase (Appraisal)
1. The primary goal of pre development phase is to maximize reserves by delineation of
reservoir. Initial development planning is focused on the placement of offset wells.

2. Tasks include:
a) Characterizing the trap and determining its structural nature, limits, fluid flow
boundaries, and volume.
b) Reservoir limits, thickness distribution patterns, and the lateral and vertical extent
of hydrocarbon accumulation must be determined.
c) Determined the drive mechanism and delineate the extent of reservoir.
d) Pressure interference among reservoir producing

3. Geophysical 3-D seismic contributions:

a) Define structure and the continuity of pay and non-pay zones.
b) In some cases can indicate the presence of oil and gas.
c) Reducing risk of dry hole.
d) Reducing the costs of delineation wells by the prediction of drilling hazards such
as faults and overpressure.

4. Geological contributions:
a) Study the seismic data and assess the depositional environment of various
intervals from examinations of cutting, cores, and logs.

5. Engineering contributions:
a) Estimation of oil and gas in place.
b) Aquifer size, reserves and production rate. (Sheriff, 1994)
Initial Development Phase (Planning)

1. The primary goal in the initial development phase is to plan

production well locations to maximize recovery.

2. Tasks include:
a) Reservoir and aquifer description. Lateral facies and porosity
variations must be estimated to determine reservoir continuity.
b) Fluid contacts must be mapped in detail, formation pressures
and controls on fluid saturations determined.
c) A complete geologic model of reservoir must be built, analyzed,
and validate.
d) Drilling strategy, guided by reservoir simulations based on this
model, is then formulated.

3. Geophysical contributions:
a) Geophysical data are beginning to play an active role in
reservoir description and characterization such as fluid
contacts, estimating lithology, porosity and characterizing
reservoir fractures.
(Sheriff, 1994)
 Operating Phase (Development)

1. The primary goal in the operating phase of field development are to

reduce operating costs by efficient reservoir management and to
ensure maximum hydrocarbon recovery. The key successful operating
phase is reservoir surveillance.

2. Tasks include:
a) Update the geological model of the reservoir and revise the
depletion strategy.
b) Infill drilling based on reservoir characterization may be used to
further increase reserves.
c) Detection of permeability barrier and reservoir continuity.
d) Secondary recovery process may be used to enhance recovery.

3. Geophysical contributions:
a) Integration of geophysical data with detail core, well and
reservoir performance beginning to impact reservoir surveillance.

(Sheriff, 1994)
 Enhanced Recovery Phase (Management)

1. The process of reservoir management is iterative. Data acquired early

in the life cycle of the reservoir are constantly being evaluated to
form the basis development and production decisions (such as
locating the production and injection wells, setting flow rate,
managing pressure maintenance, performing workovers, EOR
strategies, etc.). When implemented, these development and
production activities in turn generate new information that revises or
refines the reservoir model.

2. Tasks include:

3. Geophysical contributions:
a) Real-time mapping of steam, water or CO2 fronts can provide the
opportunity to control or modify the EOR process, thus reducing
operating cost.

(Sheriff, 1994)
Appraisal Phase
Geologists
Depositional Environment
Petrography
Paleontology

Oil and Gas in Place

Reserve, Rate
Aquifer Size
Geophysicists
Engineers Interpret Seismic and
Gravity Surveys to
Analyze data on Logs,
define of Structure
Cores, Fluid Samples,
and continuity
And Well Tests
of reservoir and
Aquifer size

Data Available:
1. Seismic Lines
2. Logs, Cores, Fluid samples & well tests on 2 wells

Communication among team members during appraisal phase

Planning Phase
Geologists
Correlate Zones,
Continuity of Pay & shales,
Structure Maps,
Sections Isopach Maps

Optimum Depletion
Plan, Location
and number of
Platforms &
Engineers wells Geophysicists
Detail Reservoir
Interpret fine-grade
Description,
Seismic data for structure,
Reservoir Simulation,
Continuity of zones,
Well & Platform
Faults and
Constraint,
Aquifer size
Economic

Data Available:
1. Fine-grade Seismic Lines
2. Logs on 4 to 10 wells
3. Cores & well tests on 3 or 4 wells

Communication among team members during planning phase

Development
Geologists
Phase Geophysicists
Continuity of pay
distribution and
dimensions of shales

Completion & Workover

Policies, Optimum
Distribution of
Injection &
Produces
Reservoir fluids
Production
Engineers Engineer
Computer studies of well
Well Bore Hydraulic
Behavior, Update
Optimum completion
Studies of
Methods
Reservoir Behavior

Data Available:
1. Fine-grade Seismic Lines 3. Cores on 25% of wells
2. Logs on all wells 4. Well tests on 3 or 4 wells

Communication among team members during development phase

 Reservoir
Management Geologists
Geophysicists
Phase Update Cross Sections,
Analyze Workovers

Revise injection
plan to improve
performance

Reservoir Production
Engineers Engineer
Analyze Well Surveys
Analyze Performance,
to locate gas and water
Update Model Studies,
entry,
Analyze Workovers
Workovers wells

Data Available:
1. Pressure survey 3. Contact Logs
2. Gas-oil & Water-oil Ratios 4. Well bore surveys

Communication among team members during reservoir management phase

 Synergism and Organization

1. Synergy is the cooperative action of discreet agencies so that the total

effects is greater than the sum of the effects taken independently.

2. In the context of the petroleum business, synergy means geologists,

geophysicists, and engineers work together more effectively and
efficiently as a team or task force than working as a group of
individuals.

3. All participants must be open to knew ideas and both the individuals and
management must want and be able to work and share.

4. Barriers of synergism:
a) Some participants not suitable
b) Lack good communication skills
c) Fear that individual contributions will not be fully recognized
d) Some managers lack the understanding of the concept
e) Some managers have problem with the other managers
The advantages of synergistic team approach
to reservoir management:

1. Member work toward a common goal with specific objectives

2. The team can focus early on key problems

3. Team members have diverse, specialized training which

allows:
a) Awareness and use of proved and new technology
b) Development and comprehensive data base
c) Selection of the best data and methods to solve the
problems

4. Time and cost required to complete the project is reduced.

The potential disadvantages of working as a
team

1. Training and experience is necessary to become an effective team.

Members need skills in communication, and understanding of other
disciplines technology, and strong desire to work with others.

2. An individual members contributions may not be recognized by

management.

3. The chance for raises and the promotion of a member may be

reduced if the team reports to a manager from the different
discipline or function. This problem can be mitigated by self
evaluation of the team members.

4. Management must be convinced that the advantages of better and

cost-effective solutions outweigh the disadvantages caused by
personnel problems.
Organizational structure
1. The proper organizational structure and management style to make the
synergistic team most effective is not yet known.

2. One large oil company make experimental with set up a small independent
division of about 35 professionals and support staff; they operated as a separate
company and competed in the same geographical area as the companys
traditional 175 employee operating division.

3. The small company was organized by plays or project and had a very flat
organization. Individual team leaders reported directly to the president who had
a great deal of technical and monetary authority. In contrast, the larger group
had four levels of management and review when the experiment started.

4. During the 5 years of the experiment, the staff experience, budgets, technical
data bases, and the economic risk criteria were essentially the same for the two
groups.

5. The results of the competition are amazing. The small synergistic team approach
found 2.8 times the reserves at about half the finding costs compared to the
traditional approach. The development costs were significantly lower for the
smaller group.

6. Based on these result, the parent company recognized the larger group, reducing
the number of management levels and increasing the authority of lower levels.
Reservoir Management Using 3-D Seismic Data

Geometric Reserves
Framework Volume

Rock / Fluid Well / Platform

3-D Seismic
Properties Locations
Data

Flow Recovery
Surveillance Strategy

Data Analyses Decisions

Application of 3-D Seismic Data to Reservoir Management

Application of 3-D seismic analyses to Reservoir
Management:

Examine the geometric framework of the hydrocarbon accumulation

1. Attitudes of the beds that form the trap
2. The fault and fracture patterns that guide or block fluid flow
3. The shape of the depositional bodies that make up a fields
stratigraphy, and the orientations of any unconformity
surfaces that might cut through the reservoir.
a) Displaying seismic amplitude variations across selected
horizons
b) Isochroning between events
c) Noting event terminations
d) Slicing through the volume at arbitrary angles
e) Compositing horizontal and vertical sections
f) Optimizing the use of color in displays
g) Using the wide variety of other interpretative techniques
available on a computer workstation
Application of 3-D seismic analyses to Reservoir
Management:

Qualitative and quantitative definition of rock properties

1. Amplitude
2. Phase change
3. Interval travel time between events
4. Frequency variations
5. Other characteristics of the seismic data are correlated with
porosity
6. Fluid type
7. Lithology
8. Net pay thickness
9. DHI
Application of 3-D seismic analyses to Reservoir
Management:

Flow Surveillance
1. Acquires a baseline 3-D data volume at a point in calendar
time
2. Allows fluid flow to occur through production and or injection
with attendant pressure / temperature changes
3. Acquires a second 3-D data volume a few weeks or months
after the baseline
4. Observes differences between the seismic character of the
two volumes at the reservoir horizon
5. Demonstrate that the differences are the result of fluid flow
and pressure / temperature changes.
 Main Reference

Most of the text and pictures are quoted from:

Sheriff, R.E. (ed.); 1994; Reservoir Geophysics; Society of

Exploration Geophysicists, Tulsa Oklahoma