What have we learned so far?

SAMPLE

POPULATION

FDT, Graphs, Mean,

Median, Mode,
Standard Deviation,
Variance

We describe our sample using measurements and data presentation tools

We study the sample to make inferences about the population
What permits us to make the inferential jump from sample to population?
 PROBABILITY

SAMPLE
POPULATION

In probability, we use the

population information to infer
the probable nature of the
sample.
 Example: TOSSING A COIN
Suppose a coin is tossed once
and the up face is recorded

The result we see and

recorded is called an
OBSERVATION or
MEASUREMENT

The process of making an

observation is called an
EXPERIMENT.
 Definition:
RANDOM EXPERIMENT
Is a process or procedure, repeatable under
basically the same condition (this repetition
is commonly called a TRIAL), leading to well-
defined outcomes.
It is random because we can never tell in
advance what the outcome/realization is going
to be, even if we can specify what the possible
outcomes are.
 Example: TOSSING A DIE
Consider the simple
random experiment of
tossing a die and
observing the number
on the up face. 1. Observe a 1
2. Observe a 2
There are six basic 3. Observe a 3
possible outcomes to 4. Observe a 4
this random experiment. 5. Observe a 5
6. Observe a 6
 Definitions:
SAMPLE POINT & SAMPLE SPACE
A SAMPLE POINT is the most basic
outcome of a random experiment.

The SAMPLE SPACE is the set of all

possible outcomes of a random
experiment. It is denoted by the Greek
letter omega () or S. This is also known
as the universal set.
 Examples:
Sample space of the Tossing of Coin
experiment:
= {Head, Tail}

Sample space of the Tossing of Die

experiment:
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
 Exercise 1:
1. Two coins are tossed, and their up faces are
recorded. What is the sample space for this
experiment?

Coin 1 Coin 2
Head Head
Tail Head
Head Tail
Tail Tail
= {HH, TH, HT, TT}
 Exercise 2:
2. Suppose a pair of dice is tossed . What is the sample
space for this experiment?

= {1-1,1-2,1-3,1-4,1-5,1-6,
2-1,2-2,2-3,2-4,2-5,2-6,
3-1,3-2,3-3,3-4,3-5,3-6,
4-1,4-2,4-3,4-4,4-5,4-6,
5-1,5-2,5-3,5-4,5-5,5-6,
6-1,6-2,6-3,6-4,6-5,6-6}
 Exercise 3:
3. A sociologist wants to determine the gender of
the first two children of families with at least two
(2) children in a baranggay in Dasmarinas,
Cavite. He then observes and records the gender
of the first 2 children of these families.

= {MM, MF, FM, FF}

where, M represents Male and F represents Female

 Exercise 4:
4. Consider the experiment of recording the
number of customers placing their order at
the Drive Thru of a particular McDonalds
branch per day. What is the sample space for
this random experiment?

= {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, }
 Exercise 5:
5. Suppose GMA Foundation wanted to know the
effectiveness of their feeding program in a
particular baranggay in Dasmarinas. The
coordinator records the change in the childrens
weight to height ratio (BMI). What is the sample
space for this random experiment?
= {y / y 0 }
where, y = the change in a childs BMI, assuming it
is not possible for a child to have a decrease in BMI while
enrolled in the feeding program.
 Types of Sample Spaces:
1. FINITE SAMPLE SPACE
Is a sample space with finite number of possible
outcomes (sample points).
Exercises 1 to 3 are examples of finite sample spaces.
2. INFINITE SAMPLE SPACE
Is a sample with infinite number of possible outcomes.
Exercise 4 is an example of a countable infinite
sample space.
Exercise 5 is an example of a uncountable infinite
sample space.
 Natures of Sample Spaces
1. DISCRETE SAMPLE SPACE
Is a sample space with a countable (finite or
infinite) number of possible outcomes.
Examples are Exercises 1 to 4

2. CONTINUOUS SAMPLE SPACE

Is a sample space with a continuum of possible
outcomes.
Example is Exercise 5.
Recall the Tossing of Die experiment.
Suppose we are interested in the
outcome that an even number will
come up.
Let EVENT A, be
1 3 the collection of
2 sample points that
4 6 fulfill the outcome
we are interested in,
5 A i.e., an even number
will come up.
 Definition: EVENT
An EVENT is a subset of the sample space.
It is denoted by any letter of the English
alphabet.
An event is an outcome of a random
experiment.
An event is a specific collection of sample
points.
 Examples:
1. = {Head, Tail}
Let A = {Head}, the event of a Head turning up.
Let B = {Tail}, the event of a Tail turning up.

2. = {Head-Head, Head-Tail, Tail-Head, Tail-Tail}

Let X = {Head-Head, Head-Tail, Tail-Head},
the event of at least one Head will turn up.
Let Y = {Tail-Tail, Tail-Head, Head-Tail},
the event of a at least one Tail will turn up.
 Exercise 6:
Given the sample space
, for the single toss
of a pair of fair dice,
list the elements of = {1-1,1-2,1-3,1-4,1-5,1-6,
the following events: 2-1,2-2,2-3,2-4,2-5,2-6,
A = event of 3-1,3-2,3-3,3-4,3-5,3-6,
obtaining a sum that 4-1,4-2,4-3,4-4,4-5,4-6,
is an even number. 5-1,5-2,5-3,5-4,5-5,5-6,
B = event of obtaining
6-1,6-2,6-3,6-4,6-5,6-6}
a sum that is an odd
number.
 Exercise 6: (cont.)
= {1-1,1-2,1-3,1-4,1-5,1-6, 2-1,2-2,2-3,2-4,2-5,2-6,
3-1,3-2,3-3,3-4,3-5,3-6, 4-1,4-2,4-3,4-4,4-5,4-6,
5-1,5-2,5-3,5-4,5-5,5-6, 6-1,6-2,6-3,6-4,6-5,6-6}

A = {1-1,1-3,1-5,2-2,2-4,2-6,3-1,3-3,3-5,4-2,
4-4,4-6,5-1,5-3,5-5,6-2,6-4,6-6}
B = {1-2,1-4,1-6,2-1,2-3,2-5,3-2,3-4,3-6,4-1,
4-3,4-5,5-2,5-4,5-6,6-1,6-3,6-5}
 Types of Events
1. ELEMENTARY EVENT
An event consisting of ONE possible outcome.
Example is the elementary events of
= {Head, Tail}
A = {Head} and B = {Tail}

= {Pass, Fail}
C = {Pass} and D = {Fail}
 Types of Events
2. IMPOSSIBLE EVENT
An event consisting of NO outcome.
Given the sample space of all possible products
that can be purchased from a shoe store.
= {Sandals, Slippers, Pumps, Moccasins, Rubber
Shoes, Bags, Belts, Accessories}
Let A be the event that one can buy a chain saw
in a shoe store. Thus A = { } or (null)
 Types of Events
3. SURE EVENT
An event consisting of ALL the possible outcomes.
Given the Tossing of a Die experiment.
Let K be the event that a number less than or equal
to 6 will occur if a die is thrown.
 Types of Events
4. COMPLEMENT EVENT
Is the set of all elements of the sample space
which are not in the event, A.
Denoted by Ac or A'

Given the Tossing of a Die experiment.

= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
If A = {2, 4, 6}, the event that an even number
will come up,
Then Ac = {1, 3, 5}
 Operations On Events
1. INTERSECTION of 2 events A and B, denoted by
AB, is the event containing all elements that are
common to events A and B.

Example:
= {a, b, c, d, e, f}
A = {a, b, c, d}
B = {c, d, e, f}
A B = {c, d}
A = {a, b, c, d}
 Definition:
MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE EVENTS
Two events are mutually exclusive if they
cannot both occur simultaneously.
That is, AB = { } or
Example Let C = {1, 2, 3} and D = {a, b, c}
Then CD = { }
 Operations On Events
2. UNION of 2 events A and B, denoted by
AB, is the set containing all elements that
belong to A or to B or both.

Example:
E = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
F = {2, 5, 6, 7, 8}
E F = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
 Operations On Events
3. Other Operations.
A=
A A' =
' =
(A')' = A
A=A
A A' =
' =