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 2

Downlink Operations
 Agenda
3

DL Transmission Process
CQI Reporting
DL scheduling and Resource allocation
DL data transmission and HARQ
DL operations using MIMO
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Downlink Channels Mapping
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Physical Channels Supporting DL Tx

DL Reference Signal supports measurements and coherent

demodulation in Downlink.
PUCCH CQI based on DL Reference signals measurements and
provides ACK/NACK for previous Uplink Tx.
PCFICH - Indicates the PDCCH format in DL.
PDCCH - Downlink assignment for PDSCH.
PDSCH - User Data.

eNodeB UE
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Downlink Channels Mapping
The mapping of transport channels and DL control information (DCI) to physical channels is a task of the physical layer (PHY). Furthermore
reference signals are provided by the physical layer which do not transfer any higher layer information.

Logical channel mapping is provided by the MAC layer.

Physical channel for data and signaling from higher layers:

Physical Downlink Shared Channel, PDSCH.
Physical Broadcast Channel, PBCH.

Physical channels with DL control - related signaling:

Physical Downlink Control Channel, PDCCH.
Physical Control Format Indicator, PCFICH.
Physical Hybrid Indicator Channel, PHICH.

Signals with no information of higher layers:

Downlink Reference Signals (DL-RS).
Primary Synchronization signal (PSS).
Secondary Synchronization signal (SSS).
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DL Transmission Process
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DL Transmission

1. DL Reference signals

2. PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel (or PUSCH)

CQI based on DL Reference signals measurements
3. PCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator Channel
Symbols(1,2 or 3) in PDCCH
4. PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel
Downlink assignment for PDSCH MCS and Resource
Blocks
5. PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel
eNodeB UE
User Data for initial transmission
6. PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel (or PUSCH)
ACK/NACK for HARQ
7. PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel
User data for Retransmission
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PDCCH
The number of consecutive CCEs required to carry one PDCCH is called "Aggregation Level'

PDCCH Format 0 : Requires 1 CCE = Aggregation Level 1

PDCCH Format 1 : Requires 2 CCE = Aggregation Level 2
PDCCH Format 2 : Requires 4 CCE = Aggregation Level 4
PDCCH Format 3 : Requires 8 CCE = Aggregation Level 8
 CCE 10

Similar to data transmission, it is necessary to make a signaling (PDCCH) robust

enough for poor UEs (low SINR, e.g. at the cell-edge)
Transmission with low ECR (Effective Coding Rate) leads to increased resource
utilization which reduces the number of scheduled UEs; thus good UEs should
occupy less PDCCH resources and operate with lower number of CCEs (higher ECR)
Any Link Adaptation technique must deal with a trade-off between signaling
robustness (coverage) and signaling capacity

Macro cell case #1

Uniform UE distribution

4-CCE
8-CCE 2-CCE 1-CCE
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DCI
DCI carries the following information :
UL resource allocation (persistent and non-persistent)
Descriptions about DL data transmitted to the UE.
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PHICH
1. PHICH stands for Physical HARQ indicator channel
2. Carries ACK/NACK for uplink data that came on PUSCH.
3. The input to PHICH is a bit of ACK or NACK from MAC/L2, which will go through block encoding,
basically, a 1/3 repetition encoding followed by BPSK modulation, scrambling and spreading using a
walsh sequence.
4. The spreading is done as multiple users data will be overlapped over same physical resource
element and in order to retrieve the information correctly at the UE side, the PHICH is spread using
a orthogonal walsh sequence.
5. The PHICH mapping on the physical grid is controlled by a parameter Ng, which determines how
many groups of PHICH can be mapped in the first OFDM symbol of the subframe. Each group of
PHICH can have 8 users ACK/NACK multiplexed.
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PHICH Structure
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PDSCH

PDSCH(Physical Downlink Shared Channel)

Carries user specific data (DL Payload).
Carries Random Access Response Message.
It is using AMC with QPSK, 16 QAM and 64 QAM
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PDSCH Allocation & Resource Block

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CQI Reporting
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CQI

The LTE standard defines three quality indicators that serve as a benchmark for the transmission quality
in the downlink:
1. CQI (Channel Quality indicator)
2. PMI (Pre-coding Matrix Indicator)
3. RI (Rank Indicator)
The user equipment (UE) can measure all three and transmit the information in the uplink to the base
station (BS), which then adapts the signal transmission in the downlink accordingly, although this is not
mandatory. To actually improve transmission quality through a modification in the downlink, the
statistical properties of the channel must remain constant between the time a quality indicator is
reported to the BS and the time the transmission is modified (coherence time).
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Channel Quality Indicator Reporting

The CQI indicates the highest modulation and the code rate at which the block error rate (BLER) of the
channel being analyzed does not exceed 10 %. The CQI report for the UE has a wide variety of settings.
As an example, the UE can use one of two methods to send the CQI value to the EnodeB via the uplink:
1. Periodically via the PUCCH or PUSCH channels,
2. Aperiodically via the PUSCH channel.
In this case, the EnodeB explicitly requests the UE to send a CQI report.
 19

CQI Reporting

The CQI accepts discrete values between 0 and 15. Index 0 indicates that the UE has not received any usable LTE signals and that the channel
is inoperable.
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Precoding matrix indicator (PMI)

The precoding matrix determines how the individual data streams (called layers in LTE) are mapped to the
antennas. Skillfully selecting this matrix yields a maximum number of data bits, which the UE can receive
together across all layers. However, this requires knowledge of the channel quality for each antenna in the
downlink, which the UE can determine through measurements. If the UE knows what the allowed
precoding matrices are, it can send a PMI report to the BS and suggest a suitable matrix.

For single stream transmission

the precoding produces
beamsteering
For the 4 layer case there are
16 entries
Subband PMI reporting can be
configured down to the
resource block level
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Rank Indicator (RI)

The channel rank indicates the number of layers and the number of different signal streams transmitted
in the downlink. When using a single input multiple output (SIMO) or a transmit diversity configuration,
only one layer is utilized. In contrast, 22 MIMO (multiple input multiple output) with spatial
multiplexing uses two layers. The goal of an optimized RI is to maximize the channel capacity across the
entire available downlink bandwidth by taking advantage of each full channel rank.
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DL Scheduling and Resource

Allocation
 23

DL Scheduling
Downlink scheduling choices can be prepared on the beginning of the ensuing figures for each UE.
1. In the LTE construction downlink data movements from a Packet Gateway to eNB and then to the UE.
An IP link and the eNB to UE is across the wireless link is PDN GW to eNB. Once the logical link from the
carrier to the UE is group, a QoS Class Identifier (QCI) is specified: QoS Class Identifier (QCI).
2. CQI rumours are formed by the UE and fed back to the eNB in quantised form sporadically, but with an
assured delay. These reports comprise the rate of the signal-to-noise and -interference ratio (SINR)
evaluated by the consumer. The LTE system permits some reporting choices for both wideband (over
the system bandwidth) and sub band (slimmer than the system bandwidth) CQI, with the second
permitting manipulation of frequency selective fading: CQI.
3. The buffer state concerns to the state of the consumers buffers, demonstrating the data presented for
scheduling: Buffer State.
4. At time t, ACK/NACK for all broadcasts arranged in sub frame (t 8) are acknowledged to the scheduler:
Phy ACK/NACK.
5. Scheduling choices can also be created on scheduling choices in the past.
 24

DL Scheduling
Intended for every sub frame t, the scheduler first allocates RBs and power to retransmissions for packets
which were not decrypted effectively at time (t 8). The modulation and coding scheme for a
retransmission is reserved the matching as for the prior broadcast. The outstanding apparitional
resources and power are scattered between the outstanding consumers for broadcasts of novel packets.
Precisely, every obligation involves of the following:
1. character of the consumer for which the obligation is prepared,
2. quantity of RBs allocated,
3. broadcast power for every RB,
4. MCS for packet broadcast.
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DL Resource Allocation
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Resource Allocation DL Type 0

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Resource Allocation DL Type 0 (DL Scheduling)

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Resource Allocation DL Type 0 (Closed Loop MIMO)

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Resource Allocation DL Type 0 (Open Loop MIMO)

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Resource Allocation DL Type 1

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Resource Allocation DL Type 1 (DL Scheduling)

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Resource Allocation DL Type 1 (Closed Loop MIMO)

Resource Allocation DL Type 1 (Open Loop MIMO)
33
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HARQ With Soft Combining

HARQ with Soft Combining (most common)
Do not discard data from a previous attempt received in error (detected but not
corrected)
Combine the packet received in previous transmission with that of later transmissions
to decode the overall packet
2 Types
Chase Combining
Incremental Redundancy
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Chase Combining

Every retransmission = the same information (data and parity bits)

Receiver uses maximum-ratio combining to combine the received bits with the
same bits from previous transmissions
All transmissions are identical => Chase combining seen as additional repetition
coding
Every retransmission adds extra energy to the received transmission for an
increased Eb/N0
 36

Incremental Redundancy (IR)

Multiple sets of coded bits each representing the same set of info bits
ReTx uses a different set of coded bits than the previous transmission, with different
redundancy versions generated by puncturing the decoder output
Thus, every retransmission contains different information than the previous one
At every ReTx, the receiver gets additional info
 37

DL Data Transmission and HARQ

 38

MIMO
 39

MIMO Concept
The basic concept of MIMO utilizes the multipath signal propagation that is present in all terrestrial
communications. Rather than providing interference, these paths can be used to advantage.
1 1

2 2
User data stream User data stream
. .
. .
. .
. .
. .
MT MR

The transmitter and receiver have more than one antenna and using the processing power available at
either end of the link, they are able to utilise the different paths that exist between the two entities to
provide improvements in data rate of signal to noise.
 40

Conventional Antenna

Single-Input-Single-Output (SISO)

Theoretically, the 1Gbps barrier can be achieved using this configuration if you are allowed to use
much power and as much bandwidth(BW)
Extensive research has been done on SISO under power and BW constraints. A combination of a
smart modulation, coding and multiplexing techniques have yielded good results but far from the
1Gbps barrier
 Single User MIMO (SU-MIMO)
41

When the data rate is to be increased for a single UE, this is called Single User MIMO (SU-MIMO)
 42

Multi-User MIMO

When the individual streams are assigned to various users, this is called Multi User MIMO (MU-
MIMO). This mode is particularly useful in the uplink because the complexity on the UE side can be
kept at a minimum by using only one transmit antenna. This is also called 'collaborative MIMO'.
 43

Spatial Diversity
The purpose of spatial diversity is to make the transmission more robust. There is no increase in the data rate.
This mode uses redundant data on different paths.

RX Diversity

RX diversity uses more antennas on the receiver side than on the transmitter side. The simplest scenario
consists of two RX and one TX antenna (SIMO, 1x2).
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Spatial Diversity
TX Diversity

When there are more TX than RX antennas, this is called TX diversity. The simplest scenario uses two TX and
one RX antenna (MISO, 2x1).
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Spatial Multiplexing

Spatial multiplexing is not intended to make the transmission more robust; rather it increases the
data rate. To do this, data is divided into separate streams; the streams are transmitted
independently via separate antennas.
 Open Loop Spatial Multiplexing
46

This form of MIMO used within the LTE system involves sending two information streams which can be
transmitted over two or more antennas. However there is no feedback from the UE although a TRI,
Transmit Rank Indicator transmitted from the UE can be used by the base station to determine the
number of spatial layers.
 47

Closed Loop Spatial Multiplexing

This form of LTE MIMO is similar to the open loop version, but as the name indicates it has feedback
incorporated to close the loop. A PMI, Pre-coding Matrix Indicator is fed back from the UE to the base
station. This enables the transmitter to pre-code the data to optimize the transmission and enable the
receiver to more easily separate the different data streams.
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MIMO Overview
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HAPPY LEARNING

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