Five Sense

dr.RR. Sri Ratna Rahayu M.Kes ,

PhD
 Recognition
Use

Five Senses
Shared

Location

Care
The eye is the organ of vision. It has a complex structure consisting of a
transparent lens that focuses light on the retina. The retina is covered with two
basic types of light-sensitive cells-rods and cones.

The cone cells are sensitive to color and are located in the part of the retina called
the fovea, where the light is focused by the lens. The rod cells are not sensitive to
color, but have greater sensitivity to light than the cone cells. These cells are located
around the fovea and are responsible for peripheral vision and night vision. The eye
is connected to the brain through the optic nerve

The point of this connection is called the "blind spot" because it is insensitive to
light. Experiments have shown that the back of the brain maps the visual input
from the eyes.
Structures of the eye

Cornea

Optic
Cornea
________________: Transparent coating which Nerve
covers the iris and the pupil at the front of the eye.
Iris
________________: The colored part of the eye that
regulates the amount of light entering the eye.
Structures of the eye

Cornea

Optic Nerve

Pupil
________________: The opening at the center of the iris.(hole)
Lens
________________: A clear part of the eye behind the iris that helps to focus light,
or an image on the retina
Structures of the eye

Cornea

Optic Nerve
Retina
________________: The light-sensitive tissue lining at the back of the eye. The
retina converts light into electrical impulses that are sent to the brain through the
optic nerve)
Optic Nerve
________________: A bundle of more than one million nerve fibers that carries
visual messages from the retina to the brain.
The ear is the organ of hearing. The outer ear protrudes away from
the head and is shaped like a cup to direct sounds toward the tympanic
membrane, which transmits vibrations to the inner ear through a
series of small bones in the middle ear called the malleus, incus and
stapes.

The inner ear, or cochlea, is a spiral-shaped chamber covered internally

by nerve fibers that react to the vibrations and transmit impulses to the
brain via the auditory nerve. The brain combines the input of our two
ears to determine the direction and distance of sounds.
Ear Brain
Balance Hearing
Structures of the ear

The OUTER EAR

Ear Lobe
________________: (pinna) Collects sound waves
Ear Canal
________________: sound waves pass through to the ear drum.
Structures of the ear

The MIDDLE EAR

Ear Drum
________________: thin membrane that vibrates( stretched across the ear canal)
Ossicles
________________: three small bones which help carry the sound waves
(hammer, anvil, and stirrup)
Structures of the ear

The Inner EAR

Cochlea
________________: coiled tube in the inner ear (snail shaped) filled with liquid
and hair like cells.
Semicircular Canal
________________: three small tubes in the inner ear which control your
balance
Auditory Nerve
________________: carries impulses from the ear to the brain
 The receptors for taste, called taste buds, are situated chiefly in the tongue, but
they are also located in the roof of the mouth and near the pharynx. They are
able to detect four basic tastes: salty, sweet, bitter, and sour

.
The tongue also can detect a sensation called "umami" from taste receptors
sensitive to amino acids. Generally, the taste buds close to the tip of the tongue
are sensitive to sweet tastes, whereas those in the back of the tongue are sensitive
to bitter tastes. The taste buds on top and on the side of the tongue are sensitive
to salty and sour tastes. At the base of each taste bud there is a nerve that sends
the sensations to the brain.

The sense of taste functions in coordination with the sense of smell. The number of
taste buds varies substantially from individual to individual, but greater numbers
increase sensitivity. Women, in general, have a greater number of taste buds than men.
As in the case of color blindness, some people are insensitive to some tastes.
The nose is the organ responsible for the sense of smell. The cavity of the nose is
lined with mucous membranes that have smell receptors connected to the
olfactory nerve. The smells themselves consist of vapors of various substances.
The smell receptors interact with the molecules of these vapors and transmit the
sensations to the brain.

The nose also has a structure called the vomeronasal organ whose function has
not been determined, but which is suspected of being sensitive to pheromones
that influence the reproductive cycle.

The smell receptors are sensitive to seven types of sensations that can be
characterized as camphor, musk, flower, mint, ether, acrid, or putrid. The sense of
smell is sometimes temporarily lost when a person has a cold. Dogs have a sense of
smell that is many times more sensitive than man's.
 Tongue

Brain Nose
The Tongue

- Tongue is the sense organ that detects flavor.

Inside the grooves there are many taste buds which are taste receptors.
Magnified

Papillae

taste
bud

Microscopic view of
sensory cell
taste buds (x100)

food

brain
 The tongue moves and pushes a
small bit of food along with
Eat saliva into your esophagus,
which is a food pipe that leads
from your throat to your
stomach.

Speech Taste

The top of your tongue is covered with a layer of

bumps called papillae
. Papillae help grip food and move it around while
you chew.
They contain your taste buds, so you can taste
everything.
 Process to taste food

- Flavoring chemicals in food dissolve in the saliva

- Stimulates the taste buds to send messages to the brain.
- Messages are sent to the brain to give us the taste of the
food

sensory cell

chemicals

in food
- Humans have four kinds of taste buds.
- They can detect four kinds of tastes:
sweet, sour, salty and bitter.

- Each kind of taste buds is not evenly distributed

on the tongue.
Thus, certain parts of the tongue are more
sensitive to a particular taste than the others.

bitter

sour

salty

sweet
Nose Brain
 How do we smell ?
- Nose is the sense organ that detects smell.

- There are millions of smell receptors inside our nose.

nasal cavity
 Smell

Breathe Taste
 Brain
Magnify
nerve

nasal cavity

mucus lining

inside

sensory cell

chemicals
in food
Some medicine is unpleasant to take.
You can hold your nose while taking the medicine. This helps take
away the unpleasant feeling.
Our tongue can only distinguish about 4 different tastes. But our nose
can distinguish about 4000 different chemicals.

Thus, when our nose is also used to sense

the food, the food tastes better.

Our nose can tell us not only the sweet taste of ice-cream, but also
whether it is chocolate flavour or not.
The sense of touch is distributed throughout the body. Nerve
endings in the skin and other parts of the body transmit
sensations to the brain

Some parts of the body have a larger number of nerve

endings and, therefore, are more sensitive.

Four kinds of touch sensations can be identified: cold, heat,

contact, and pain. Hairs on the skin magnify the sensitivity
and act as an early warning system for the body.
outer layer of our skin,
It is the tough, protective
outer layer.
It is about as thick as a sheet
of paper over most parts of
the body.
Constantly flaking off and
being renewed
 Middle layer of skin
The dermis contains.
1.Nerve endings-how things feel
2.Blood vessels- carry blood
3.Oil glands- Produce Sebum
4.Sweat glands- produce sweat
Bottom layer
1. made mostly of fat
2. helps your body stay warm
3. absorb shocks
4. Each hair on your body grows out of a
tiny tube in the skin called a follicle
5. Every follicle has its roots way down in
the subcutaneous layer and continues up
through the dermis.
 The Skin

1. Epidermis

4. Oil Gland

2. Dermis

5. Sweat Gland
Nerves 7.
6. Hair

3. Subcutaneous Blood Vessels 8.

Fat Cells 9.
Without the information we receive through our five senses we could not
function as the beings we are. Each sense is important in its own right, but each
has limitations.

On the other hand, one sense can be used to compensate for another. The most
effective way to receive information, of course, is to use all our senses in
harmony.

Another important aspect of learning about our senses is to become aware of

physical handicaps that may cause difficulty for people who do not have access
to these senses, though this does not make people different or lesser. These
marvelous gifts of sensing the world we live in must be protected and cared for.