Thyristor Commutation Techniques: Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

Thyristor Commutation
Techniques
Power Electronics by Prof. M. Madhusudhan Rao 1

Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Introduction
• Commutation
– Process of turning off a conducting thyristor.
• Current Commutation
• Voltage Commutation

Methods of Commutation
• Natural Commutation
• Forced Commutation

Natural Commutation
• Occurs in AC circuits
T
+
vs ~  R  vo

S u p p ly v o lta g e v s S in u s o id a l
 3 t
0 2
G a te P u ls e
 t

L o a d v o lta g e v o
T u rn o ff
o c c u rs h e re
t
 
 3 t
0 2
V o l ta g e a c r o s s S C R
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, t c E&E Dept., MSRIT
• Natural Commutation of Thyristors takes place
in
– AC voltage controllers.
– Phase controlled rectifiers.
– Cyclo converters.

Forced Commutation
• Applied to dc circuits
• Commutation achieved by reverse biasing the
SCR or by reducing the SCR current below
holding current value.
• Commutating elements such as inductance and
capacitance are used for commutation purpose.

Methods of Forced
Commutation
• Self commutation.
• Resonant pulse commutation.
• Complementary commutation.
• Impulse commutation.
• External pulse commutation.
• Load Commutation.
• Line Commutation.
Forced Commutation
is applied to
• Choppers.
• Inverters.

Self Commutation
Or
Load Commutation
Or
Class A Commutation
(Commutation By Resonating
The Load)
10
• Circuit is under damped by including suitable
values of L & C in series with load.
• Oscillating current flows.
• SCR is turned off when current is zero.

11
T L V c(0 )
i R + -
Load C

12
Expression for Current V C(0 )
1
R I(S ) SL CS S
T + - + -
C
V
S
Fig. shows a transformed network

13
V  VC  0 
I  S  S
1
R  SL 
CS
CS V  VC  0 
C V  VC  0 
I  S  S 
RCS  S LC  1
2
 2 R 1 
LC  S  S 
 L LC 
14
V  VC  0 
I  S  L
R 1
S S 
2
L LC
 V  VC  0  
I  S  L
2 2
R 1  R   R 
S S 
2
   
L LC  2 L   2 L 
15
 V  V  0 
C
L A
I  S  
 S  
2 2
 2 2   2
 R  1  R 
S      
 2 L   LC  2 L 
 
Where,
A
 V  VC  0   , 
R
, 
1  R 

2

L 2L LC  2L 
16
 is called the natural frequency
A 
I  S 
  S   2
2
Taking inverse Laplace transforms

A  t
i  t   e sin  t

17
 Expression for current
V  VC  0  2 RL t
i t  e sin  t
L
Peak value of current

 V  V  0 C
L
18
Expression For Voltage Across
Capacitor At The Time Of Turn Off
T L V c(0 )
i R + -
Load C

19
Applying KVL to figure
vc  t   V  vR  VL
di
vc  t   V  iR  L
dt
Substituting for i,
A  t d  A  t 
vc  t   V  R e sin t  L  e sin t 
 dt  
20
A  t A  t
vc  t   V  R e sin t  L  e  cos t  e  t sin t 
 
A  t
vc  t   V  e  R sin t  L cos t  L sin t 

A  t  R 
vc  t   V  e  R sin t  L cos t  L sin t 
  2L 
A  t  R 
vc  t   V  e  sin t  L cos t 
 2 
21
Substituting for A,
vc  t 
 V  V  0  
C R 
 2 sin  t   L cos  t 
 t
V  e
L
vc  t  V 
 V  V  0  
R
e
C
sin  t   t
cos  t

  2 L 
SCR turns off when current goes to zero.
i.e., at  t  
22
Therefore at turn off
vc  t   V 
 V  VC  0  e
 

 0  cos 

 
vc  t   V  V  VC  0  e 
 R
 vc  t   V  V  VC  0  e 2 L

23
Note: For effective commutation
the circuit should be under damped.
2
 R  1
That is   
 2L  LC
With R = 0, and the capacitor initially uncharged
that is VC  0   0
V t
i t  sin
L LC
24
1
But  
LC
V t C t
i  t   LC sin V sin
L LC L LC
and capacitor voltage at turn off is equal to 2V
Fig. shows the waveforms for the above conditions.
Once the SCR turns off voltage across it is
negative voltage.
25
C u rren t i
t
0  /2 
2V
C a p a c ito r v o lta g e
V
t

Conduction time of SCR 
G a te p u ls e

t
t
V
V o l ta g e a c r o s s S C R
26
Problem
• Calculate the conduction time of SCR and the
peak SCR current that flows in the circuit
employing series resonant commutation (self
commutation or class A commutation), if the
supply voltage is 300 V, C = 1F, L = 5 mH
and RL = 100 . Assume that the circuit is
initially relaxed.

27
T R L
L C
100  5 m H 1 F
V =300V

28
2
1  RL 
  
LC  2L 
2
1  100 
 3 6
 3 
5  10 1 10  2  5 10 
  10, 000 rad/sec
Since the circuit is initially relaxed, initial voltage
across capacitor is zero as also the initial current
through L and the expression for current i is
29
V  t R
i  t  e sin t , where  
L 2L
V
 peak value of current 
L
300
IP  3
 6A
10000  5  10
 
Conducting time of SCR =   0.314msec
 10000
30
Problem
• Figure shows a self commutating circuit. The
inductance carries an initial current of 200 A
and the initial voltage across the capacitor is
V, the supply voltage. Determine the
conduction time of the SCR and the capacitor
voltage at turn off.

31
L T i(t)
 IO
10 H
C +
V 50 F  V C(0 )= V
=100V

32
The transformed circuit of the
previous figure is shown in figure below
SL IO L
+ -
I(S ) +
V C(0 )
+ - S
V
S - 1
CS

33
The governing equation is
V VC  0 1
 I  S  SL  I O L   I  S
S S CS
V VC  0
  IO L
 I  S  S S
1
SL 
CS
 V VC  0 
   CS
S S  I O LCS
I  S   2
S LC  1
2
S LC  1
34
V  VC  0  C I O LCS
I  S  
 2 1   2 1 
LC  S  LC S 
 LC   LC 
V  VC  0 SI O
I  S   2

L  S  
2 2
 S   2
V  VC  0  SI O 1
I  S   2 ; where  
 L  S   S 
2 2 2
LC
35
Taking inverse LT
C
i  t   V  VC  0   sin  t  I O cos t
L
The capacitor voltage is given by
t
1
vc  t    i  t  dt  VC  0 
C0
1  
t
C
vc  t     V  VC  0   sin  t  I O cos  t  dt  VC  0 
C 0  L 
36
1   V  VC  0   C t IO t 
vc  t      cos  t    sin  t   VC  0  
C   L o  o 
1   V  VC  0   C IO 
vc  t     1  cos  t    sin  t   VC  0  
C   L  
IO 1 C
vc  t    LC sin  t   V  VC  0   LC  1  cos  t   VC  0 
C C L
L
vc  t   I O sin  t  V  V cos  t  VC  0   VC  0  cos  t  VC  0 
C
L
vc  t   I O sin  t   V  VC  0   cos  t  V
C
37
I0
i(t)
VC  O   V
t
/2
 we get
v c( t)
i  t   I O cos  t &
L
V
vc  t   I O sin  t  V
C
t
/2
38
Turn off occurs at a time 'tO ' so that

 tO 
2
0.5
 tO   0.5 LC

tO  0.5   10 10  50 10 6 6
tO  0.5   10 6
500  35.1 seconds
39
and the capacitor voltage at turn off is given by
L
vc  tO   I O sin  tO  V
C
6
10 10
vc  tO   200 6
 sin 90  100
0
50 10
vc  tO   89.4  100  189.4 V

40
Problem
• In the circuit shown in figure V = 600 volts,
initial capacitor voltage is zero, L = 20 H,
C=50F and the current through the
inductance at the time of SCR triggering is
IO = 350 A. Determine
– Peak values of capacitor voltage and current
– Conduction time of T1.

41
L T 1
 I0
i(t)
V C

42
The expression for i  t  is given by
C
i  t   V  VC  O   sin  t  I O cos  t
L
It is given that the initial voltage across
the capacitor VC  O  is zero.
C
 i t V sin  t  I O cos  t
L
43
i  t  can be written as
C
i  t   I V sin   t   
2
O
2
L
L
IO
C and   1
where   tan 1
V LC
C
The peak capacitor current is I V2
O
2
L
44
Substituting the values, the peak capacitor current
6
50  10
 3502  6002  6
 1011.19 A
20 10
The expression for capacitor voltage is
L
vc  t   I O sin  t   V  VC  0   cos  t  V
C
L
with VC  0   0, vc  t   I O sin  t  V cos  t  V
C
45
This can be rewritten as
C
V
2 L L
vc  t   V  I O sin   t     V ; Where   tan 1
2
C IO
L
The peak value of capacitor voltage is  V  I 2 2
OV
C
Substituting the values, the peak value of capacitor voltage
6
20  10
 6002  3502  6
 600  639.5  600  1239.5V
50  10
46
To calculate conduction time of T1
• The waveform
of capacitor
current is shown C a p a c ito r
in figure. c u rre n t
When the
capacitor
current becomes t
zero the SCR  0
turns off.
   
47
 conduction time of SCR
 L 
 IO 
  tan 1
 C 
 V 
   
   
 1
LC
 L 
 IO 
Substituting the values   tan 1  C 
 V 
 
 
48
6
350 20 10
  tan 1
600 50 106
  20.25 i.e., 0.3534 radians
0
1 1
   31622.8 rad/sec
LC 20  106  50 106
 conduction time of SCR
  0.3534
  88.17  sec
31622.8
49
Resonant Pulse Commutation
(Class B Commutation)
L
T
i
a
b C
IL
V
Load
FW D
50
• Series LC circuit connected across thyristor
‘T’.
• Initially ‘C’ is charged to ‘V’ volts with plate
‘a’ as positive.
• Current in LC oscillates when SCR is ON.
• ‘T’ turns off when capacitor discharges through
thyristor in a direction opposite to IL

51
G a te p u ls e
of SC R
t
t1 
V
C a p a c ito r v o lta g e
v ab
t
tC
Ip i
t

IL 
t
52
ISC R
T h y r isto r C u rre n t
V o lta g e a c r o s s
SC R
t

53
Expression For tC ,
the Circuit Turn Off Time
Assume that at the time of turn off of the SCR

the capacitor voltage vab  V and a constant
load current I L flows.
tc is the time taken for the capacitor
voltage to reach 0 volts from  V volts and
it is derived as follows
54
tc
1 I L tc
V   I L dt 
C0 C
VC
tc  seconds
IL
For proper commutation tc should be greater than tq .
Magnitude of I p the peak value of i should be
greater than the load current I L .
Expression for i is derived as follows

55
The LC Circuit
During The Commutation Period
I(S )
SL
L
T T 1
i
CS
+ +
C V C(0 )
 =V V
- S
LC Circuit Transformed Circuit
56
VV 
  CS
s
I  S  S
 2
1 S LC  1
SL 
Cs
VC
V 1
I  S   
 2 1  L 1
LC  S   S 
2
 LC  LC
57
 1 
 
V  LC  1
I  S   
L S2  1  1 

LC  LC  
 1 
 
C  LC 
I  S  V 
L S2  1
LC
C
Taking inverse LT i  t  V sin t
L
58
1
Where  
LC
V
or i t  sin  t  I p sin  t
L
C
 Ip V amps
L
59
Expression For
Conduction Time Of SCR
Conduction time of SCR

  t

 
1 I L
sin  
  I 
   p 
 
60
Alternate Circuit
For Resonant Pulse Commutation
T 1 iC ( t) IL
C L T
a b iC ( t) 2
 +
V C(0 ) L
V T 3
O
A
FW D D

61
• Initially C charged with polarity as shown in
figure.
• T1 is conducting & IL is constant.
• To turn off T1, T2 is fired.
• iC(t) flows opposite to IL & T1 turns off at
iC(t) = IL

62
ic  t   I p sin  t
C
Where I p  VC  0  & and the capacitor voltage
L
1
vc  t    iC  t  .dt
C
1 C
vc  t    VC  0  sin  t.dt
C L
vc  t   VC  0  cos  t
63
Instant at
which the thyristor turns off is at t1
t1
& I L  I p sin
LC
C
I p  VC  0 
L
64
 IL L 1

or t1  LC sin  
 VC  0  C 
& the corresponding capacitor voltage is
vc  t1   V1  VC  0  cos  t1

65
Expression For tC
Assuming a constant load
current I L which charges the capacitor
CV1
tc  seconds
IL
Normally V1  VC  0 
For reliable commutation tc  tq
tC depends on I L & becomes smaller for
higher values of I L
66
C u r r e n t iC ( t)
V
C a p a c it o r
v o lta g e v ab
t
t1
V 1
tC
V C(0 )
67
Resonant Pulse Commutation
With Accelerating Diode

68
D 2
iC ( t)
T 1
IL
C L iC ( t) T 2
- +
V C(0 )
L
T O
V 3
A
FW D D

69
• Diode D2 connected as shown to accelerate
discharge.
• T2 turned on to turn off T1.
• Once T1 is off at t1. iC(t) flows through D2 until
current reduces to IL at time t2.
• From t = t2 , ‘C’ charges through load, T2 self
commutates.
• But thyristor recovery process low hence
longer reverse bias time.
70
iC
IL
0 t
V C
0 t
t1 t2
V 1
V C (O ) tC
71
Problem
• The circuit in figure shows a resonant pulse
commutation circuit. The initial capacitor
voltage VC(O)=200V, C = 30F and L = 3H.
Determine the circuit turn off time tC, if the
load current IL is 200 A and 50 A.

72
T 1
IL
C L iC ( t) T 2
 +
V C(0 )
L
T O
V 3
A
FW D D

73
When I L  200 A; Let T2 be triggered at t  0
Capacitor current ic  t  reaches a value I L at t  t1
when T1 turns off
 IL 1 L 
t1  LC sin  
 VC  0  C 

1 200 3 10 6 
6 6
t1  3 10  30  10 sin    3.05 sec
 200 30 10  6
 
1 1
   0.105 106 rad / sec
LC 3  106  30 106
74
At t  t1 the magnitude of capacitor voltage is,
V1  VC  0  cos  t1
i.e., V1  200 cos 0.105 106  3.05 106
V1  200  0.9487
V1  189.75 Volts
CV1
& tc 
IL
6
30 10 189.75
tc   28.46  sec
200
75
When I L  50 A
 50 3  10 6 
t1  3  106  30  10 6 sin 1    0.749  sec
 200 30 10  6
 
V1  200 cos 0.105 106  0.749 10 6  200 1  200 Volts
CV1 30 106  200
tc    120  sec
IL 50
It is observed that as load increases the value of tc reduces.

76
Problem
Repeat above problem

For I L  200 A if an antiparallel diode D2 is
connected across thyristor T1 as shown in figure

77
D 2
iC ( t)
T 1
IL
C L iC ( t) T 2
- +
V C(0 )
L
T O
V 3
A
FW D D

78
I L  200 A
Let T2 be triggered at t  0
Capacitor current iC  t  reaches the value I L at t  t1 ,
when T1 turns off
 IL 1 L
 t1  LC sin  
VC  O  C
6 6

1 200 3 10 6 
t1  3  10  30 10 sin  
 200 30 106 
 
t1  3.05 sec
79
1 1
 
6 6
LC 3 10  30 10
  0.105 10 radians/sec
6
At t  t1
VC  t1   V1  VC  O  cos  t1
VC  t1   200 cos  0.105 10  3.05 10
6 6

VC  t1   189.75V
80
iC  t  flows through diode D2 after T1 turns off.
iC  t  current falls back to I L at t2 .
t2   LC  t1
t2   3  10  30 10  3.05  10
6 6 6
t2  26.75 sec
1 1
 
6 6
LC 3  10  30 10
  0.105 106 rad/sec.
81
At t  t2
VC  t2   V2  200 cos 0.105 106  26.75 106
VC  t2   V2  189.02 V
 tC  t2  t1  26.75 106  3.05 106
tC  23.7  secs
82
Problem
• For the circuit shown in figure calculate the
value of L for proper commutation of SCR.
Also find the conduction time of SCR.
4 F
V
=30V L
R L i
30  IL
83
The load current
V 30
IL    1 Amp
RL 30
For proper SCR commutation I p ,
the peak value of resonant current i, should be
greater than I L
Let I p  2I L ,  I p  2 Amps
84
V V C
Also Ip   V
L 1
L L
LC
6
4 10
 2  30 
L
L  0.9mH
1 1
   16666 rad/sec
3 6
LC 0.9 10  4  10
85
Conduction time of SCR
 IL 
sin   1 1  1 
  sin  
  Ip    2
   
  16666 16666
  0.523
 radians  0.00022 seconds
16666
 0.22 msec
86
Problem
• For the circuit shown in figure given that the
load current to be commutated is 10 A, turn off
time required is 40sec and the supply voltage
is 100 V. Obtain the proper values of
commutating elements.

87
C
V
=100V L IL
i
IL
88
C
I p peak value of i  V & this should be greater than I L
L
Let I p  1.5 I L
C
 1.5 10  100 ...  a 
L
Also, assuming that at the time of turn off the capacitor
voltage is approximately equal to V, and the load current
linearly charges the capacitor
CV
tc  seconds
IL
89
& this tc is given to be 40sec.
100
6
 40  10  C 
10
 C  4 F
Substituting this in equation (a)
4 106
1.5 10  100
L
6
10 4
 4  10
1.52 102 
L
 L  1.777  104 H  0.177 mH
90
Problem
• In a resonant commutation circuit supply
voltage is 200 V. Load current is 10 A and the
device turn off time is 20s. The ratio of peak
resonant current to load current is 1.5.
Determine the value of L and C of the
commutation circuit.

91
Ip
Given  1.5
IL
 I p  1.5I L  1.5 10  15 A
C
i.e., Ip V  15 A ...  a 
L
It is given that the device turn off time is 20 sec.
Therefore tc the circuit turn off time should be
greater than this,
CV
Let tc  30  sec & tc 
IL
92
200  C
6
 30  10 
10
 C  1.5 F
Substituting in (a)
1.5 106
15  200
L
6
1.5  10
152  2002 
L
 L  0.2666 mH
93
Complementary Commutation
(Class C Commutation,
Parallel Capacitor Commutation)

94
IL
R 1 R 2
a b iC
V
C
T 1 T 2

95
• Two SCRs are used, turning ON one SCR turns
off the other.
• T1 is fired, IL flows through R1.
• At same time ‘C’ charges towards ‘V’ through
R2 with plate ‘b’ positive.
• To turn off T1, T2 is fired resulting in capacitor
voltage reverse biasing T1 and turning it off.
• When T2 is fired current through load shoots up
as voltage across load is V+VC
96
G a te p u ls e G a te p u ls e
of T1 of T2
t
 2V
V R1
IL
V
C u rr e n t th ro u g h R 1 R1
t
C u rr e n t th ro u g h T 2V
1
R2
V
R 1
t
2V C u rr e n t th ro u g h T 2
R1
V
R2
t
97
C u rre n t
th r o u g h R 2
t
V
V o lta g e a c r o s s
c a p a c ito r v ab
t
- V
tC tC
V o lta g e a c r o s s T 1
tC
98
Expression For
Circuit Turn Off Time tC
vc  t   V f   Vi  V f  e  t 
Where V f is the final voltage, Vi is the initial
voltage and  is the time constant.
At t  tc , vc  t   0, V f  V ,   R1C, & Vi  V
 tc  tc
 0  V   V  V  e R1C
 V  2Ve R1C

99
 tc  tc
 V  2Ve R1C
; 0.5  e R1C
Taking natural logarithms on both sides

tc
ln 0.5 
R1C
tc  0.693R1C
This time should be greater than the turn off time tq of T1
Similarly when T2 is commutated tc  0.693 R2C
And this time should be greater than tq of T2
Usually R1  R2  R
100
Problem
• In the circuit shown in figure, the load
resistances R1 = R2 = R = 5 & the
capacitance C = 7.5 F, V = 100 volts.
Determine the circuit turn off time tC

101
R 1 R 2
V
C
T 1 T 2
The circuit turn-off time

tc  0.693 RC seconds
6
tc  0.693  5  7.5 10
tc  26 sec
102
Problem
• Calculate the values of RL and C to be used for
commutating the main SCR in the circuit
shown in figure. When it is conducting a full
load current of 25 A flows. The minimum time
for which the SCR has to be reverse biased for
proper commutation is 40sec. Also find R1,
given that the auxiliary SCR will undergo
natural commutation when its forward current
falls below the holding current value of 2 mA.
103
i1 IL
R 1 R L
iC
V
=100V C
A u x ilia r y M a in
SCR SCR

104
In this circuit only the main SCR carries the load and
the auxiliary SCR is used to turn off the main SCR.
Once the main SCR turns off the current through the
auxiliary SCR is the sum of the capacitor charging
current iC and the current i1 through R1, iC reduces to
zero after a time tC and hence the auxiliary SCR turns
off automatically after a time tC, i1 should be less than
the holding current.

105
Given I L  25 A
V 100
i.e., 25 A  
RL RL
 RL  4
tc  40  sec  0.693RLC
6
i.e., 40 10  0.693  4  C
6
40  10
 C
4  0.693
C  14.43 F
106
V
i1  should be less
R1
than the holding current of auxiliary SCR
100
 should be  2mA
R1
100
 R1  3
2 10
i.e., R1  50 K 
107
Impulse Commutation
(Class D Commutation)
T 1
IL

T 3 V C(O ) C
+
L
L T O
V 2
A
FW D D

108
• ‘C’ charged to a voltage VC(O) with polarity as
shown.
• T1 is conducting and carries load current IL.
• Capacitor voltage reverse biases T1 and turns it
off.
• ‘C’ Charges through load.
• T2 self commutates.
• To reverse capacitor voltage T3 is turned ON.
109
G a te p u ls e G a te p u ls e G a te p u ls e
of T2 of T3 of T1
t
V S
C a p a c ito r
v o lta g e
t
V C
tC
V o lta g e a c r o s s T 1
t
-V C
110
Expression For
Circuit Turn Off Time tC
tc depends on I L & is given by the expression
tc
1
VC   I L dt
C0
(assuming the load current to be constant)
I L tc VC C
VC  tc  seconds
C IL
For proper commutation tc  tq , turn off time of T1
111
 T1 is turned off by applying a negative voltage across
its terminals. Hence this is voltage commutation.
 tC depends on load current. For higher load currents tC
is small. This is a disadvantage of this circuit.
 When T2 is fired, voltage across the load is V+VC;
hence the current through load shoots up and then
decays as the capacitor starts charging.

112
An Alternative Circuit
For Impulse Commutation
i
T 1 +
IT1 V C(O ) C
_
T 2
D
V
L
IL
R L

113
• Initially ‘C’ is charged to VC with top plate
positive.
• T1 is fired, load current IL flows.
• ‘C’ discharges at the same time & reverses its
polarity.
• ‘D’ ensures bottom plate remains positive.
114
G a te p u lse G a te p u lse
of T 1 of T 2
t
V C C a p a c ito r
v o l ta g e
- V
tC
T h is i s d u e to i
IT 1 IL
C u rre n t th ro u g h S C R V
R L
t

115
2V
R L
IL
L o a d c u rre n t
V V o lta g e a c r o s s T 1
t
tC
116
Problem
• An impulse commutated thyristor circuit is
shown in figure. Determine the available turn
off time of the circuit if V = 100 V, R = 10 
and C = 10 F. Voltage across capacitor
before T2 is fired is V volts with polarity as
shown.

117
+
T 1
-
C V C(0 )
V +
T 2 R
-
118
When T2 is triggered
the circuit is as shown in figure
V C (O )
- i(t)
+ +
C
T 2
V R
-
119
Writing the transform
circuit, we obtain
1 V C(0 )
Cs s
 + I(s)
+
V R
s 

120
Expression for capacitor voltage
is obtained as follows,
1
 V  VC  0 
I  S  S
1
R
CS
C  V  VC  0 
I  S 
1  RCS
I  S 
 V  V  0 
C
 1 
RS  
 RC 
121
Voltage across capacitor
1 VC  0
VC  s  I  S  
CS S
1 V  VC  0 VC  0
VC  s  
RCS  1  S
S  
 RC 
V  VC  0 V  VC  0 VC  0
VC  S    
S  1  S
S  
 RC 
122
V V VC  0
VC  S    
S S 1 S
1
RC RC
 t
RC 
t
vc  t   V 1  e   VC  0 e RC
 
In the given problem VC  0  V
 t 
 vc  t   V 1  2e RC

 
123
The waveform of vC(t)
is shown in figure
V
v C (t)
t
V C(0 )
tC
124
At t  tc , vc  t   0
  tc

 0  V  1  2e RC

 
 tc
1  2e RC
1  tc
 e RC
2
125
Taking natural logarithms
 1  tc
log e   
 2  RC
tc  RC ln  2 
tc  10 10  10 ln  2  6
tc  69.3 sec
126
Problem
• In the commutation circuit shown in figure
C = 20 F, the input voltage V varies between
180 and 220 V and the load current varies
between 50 and 200 A. Determine the minimum
and maximum values of available turn off time
tC.

127
T 1 I0

C V C(0 )= V
+
V
T 2
I0

128
It is given that V varies
between 180 and 220 V &
I O varies between 50 and 200 A
The expression for available
turn off time tc is given by
CV
tc 
IO
tc is max. when V is max. & I O is min.
129
CVmax
 tc max 
I O min
220
tc max  20  10   88 sec
6
50
CVmin
And tc min 
I O max
180
tc min  20 10   18 sec
6
200
130
External Pulse
Commutation (Class E Commutation)
T 1 T 2 L T 3
+
V S R 2V A U X C V A U X
L


131
• T1 is conducting & RL is connected across supply.
• T3 is fired & ‘C’ is charged to 2VAUX with upper
plate positive.
• T3 is self commutated.
• T2 ON results in a reverse voltage VS – 2VAUX
appearing across T1.

132
Load Side Commutation
• In load side commutation the discharging and
recharging of capacitor takes place through the
load. Hence to test the commutation circuit the
load has to be connected. Examples of load
side commutation are Resonant Pulse
Commutation and Impulse Commutation.

133
Line Side Commutation
• In this type of commutation the discharging
and recharging of capacitor takes place through
the supply.

134
L T 1
+ IL
T +
3
_ C L
FW D O
V S A
L r D
T 2

135
• Thyristor T2 is fired to charge the capacitor ‘C’.
When ‘C’ charges to a voltage of 2V, T2 is self
commutated. To reverse the voltage of capacitor
to -2V, thyristor T3 is fired and T3 commutates by
itself. Assuming that T1 is conducting and carries
a load current IL thyristor T2 is fired to turn off T1.

136
• The turning ON of T2 will result in forward
biasing the diode (FWD) and applying a
reverse voltage of 2V acrossT1. This turns off
T1, thus the discharging and recharging of
capacitor is done through the supply and the
commutation circuit can be tested without load.

137

Thyristor Commutation Techniques: Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT

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Thyristor Commutation

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Fig. shows a transformed network

Taking inverse Laplace transforms

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Assume that at the time of turn off of the SCR

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vc  t1   V1  VC  0  cos  t1

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Repeat above problem

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Taking natural logarithms on both sides

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The circuit turn-off time

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