DC Choppers

DC Choppers
1
1
Prof. T.K. Anantha Kumar, E&E Dept., MSRIT
Introduction
Chopper is a static device.
A variable dc voltage is obtained from a
constant dc voltage source.
Also known as dc-to-dc converter.
Widely used for motor control.
Also used in regenerative braking.
Thyristor converter offers greater efficiency,
faster response, lower maintenance, smaller
size and smooth control.
2
2
Choppers are of Two Types
Step-down choppers.
Step-up choppers.
In step down chopper output voltage is less
than input voltage.
In step up chopper output voltage is more
than input voltage.
3
3
Principle Of Step-down Chopper
Chopper
Average Output Voltage
i0
tON +
Vdc V
t
ON OFF
t
t V V0
Vdc V ON V .d R
T
t
but ON d duty cycle
t
v0
But during tON , vo V V
Therefore RMS output voltage Vdc
tON t
tON tOFF
1
VO dt
2
V i0
T 0
V/R
V2 t Idc
VO tON ON .V t
T T T
VO d .V
4
4
A step-down chopper with resistive load.
The thyristor in the circuit acts as a switch.
When thyristor is ON, supply voltage appears
across the load
When thyristor is OFF, the voltage across the
load will be zero.
5
5
v0
V
Vdc
t
tON tOFF
i0
V/R
Idc
t
T
66
Vdc Average value of output or load voltage.
I dc Average value of output or load current.
tON Time interval for which SCR conducts.
tOFF Time interval for which SCR is OFF.
T tON tOFF Period of switching or chopping period.
1
f Freq. of chopper switching or chopping freq.
T
7
7
Average Output Voltage
tON
Vdc V
tON tOFF
tON
Vdc V V .d
T
tON
but d duty cycle
t
8
8
Average Output Current
Vdc
I dc
R
V tON V
I dc d
R T R
RMS value of output voltage
tON
1
VO v dt
2
o
T 0
9
9
But during tON , vo V
Therefore RMS output voltage
tON
1
VO
2
V dt
T 0
2
V tON
VO tON .V
T T
VO d .V
10
10
Output power PO VO I O
VO
But IO
R
Output power
2
V
PO O
R
2
dV
PO
R
11
11
Effective input resistance of chopper
V
Ri
I dc
R
Ri
d
The output voltage can be varied by
varying the duty cycle.
12
12
Methods Of Control
The output dc voltage can be varied by the
following methods.
Pulse width modulation control or constant
frequency operation.
Variable frequency control.
13
13
Pulse Width Modulation
tON is varied keeping chopping frequency f &
chopping period T constant.
Output voltage is varied by varying the ON
V
0
V
time tON
tON tOFF
t
T
V0
t
tON tOFF 14
14
V0
V
tON tOFF
t
T
V0
t
tON tOFF
15
15
Variable Frequency Control
Chopping frequency f is varied keeping
either tON or tOFF constant.
To obtain full output voltage range,
frequency has to be varied over a wide
range.
This method produces harmonics in the
output and for large tOFF load current may
become discontinuous
v0
V
tON tOFF
t
T
v0
tON tOFF
t
T 16
16
v0
V
tON tOFF
t
T
v0
tON tOFF
t
T
17
17
i0
+
R
V V0
FWD L
E
v0 Output
voltage
V
tON tOFF
t
Step-down Chopper
i0
Imax
T
Output
current
With R-L Load
Continuous
Imin current
t
i0 Output
current
Discontinuous
current 18
t 18
When chopper is ON, supply is connected
across load.
Current flows from supply to load.
When chopper is OFF, load current continues
to flow in the same direction through FWD due
to energy stored in inductor L.
19
19
Load current can be continuous or
discontinuous depending on the values of L
and duty cycle d
For a continuous current operation, load
current varies between two limits Imax and Imin
When current becomes equal to Imax the
chopper is turned-off and it is turned-on when
current reduces to Imin.
20
20
v0 Output
voltage
V
tON tOFF
t
T
i0 Output
Imax current
Continuous
Imin current
t
i0 Output
current
Discontinuous
current
t
21
21
Expressions For
Load Current
iO For Continuous Current Operation When
Chopper Is ON (0 t tON)
22
22
i0
+
R
V V0
L
E
-
23
23
i0
+
R
diO
V iO R L E V L
V0
dt E
-
Taking Laplace Transform
RI O S L S .I O S iO 0
V E
S S
At t 0, initial current iO 0 I min
V E I min
IO S
R R
LS S S
L L
24
24
Taking Inverse Laplace Transform
V E
R
t
R
t
iO t 1 e L
I min e L
R
This expression is valid for 0 t tON ,
i.e., during the period chopper is ON.
At the instant the chopper is turned off,
load current is iO tON I max
25
25
When Chopper is OFF
i0
26
26
When Chopper is OFF 0 t tOFF i 0
diO R
0 RiO L E
dt L
Talking Laplace transform E
0 RI O S L SI O S iO 0
E
S
Redefining time origin we have at t 0,
initial current iO 0
I max
27
27
I max E
IO S
S
R R
LS S
L L
Taking Inverse Laplace Transform
R
t E R
t
iO t I max e L
1 e L

R
28
28
The expression is valid for 0 t tOFF ,
i.e., during the period chopper is OFF
At the instant the chopper is turned ON or at

the end of the off period, the load current is
iO tOFF I min
29
29
To Find I max & I min
From equation
V E
R
t
R
t
iO t 1 e L
I min e L
R
At t tON dT , iO t I max
V E
dRT

dRT
I max 1 e
L
I min e
L
R
30
30
From equation
R
t E R
t
iO t I max e L
1 e L

R
At t tOFF T tON , iO t I min
t tOFF 1 d T
31
31

1 d RT
1 d RT
E
I min I max e L
1 e L
R
Substituting for I min in equation
V E
dRT

dRT
I max 1 e L

min
I e L
R
we get,

dRT

V 1 e L E
I max
R
RT R
1 e L
32
32
Substituting for I max in equation

1 d RT
1 d RT
E
I min I max e L
1 e L
R
we get,
dRT
V e 1 E L
I min
R L RT R
e 1
I max I min is known as the steady state ripple.
33
33
Therefore peak-to-peak ripple current
I I max I min
Average output voltage
Vdc d .V
Average output current
I max I min
I dc approx
2
34
34
Assuming load current varies linearly
from I min to I max instantaneous
load current is given by
iO I min
I .t
for 0 t tON dT
dT
I max I min
iO I min t
dT
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35
RMS value of load current
dT
1
0 dt
2
I O RMS i
dT 0
I max I min t
2
1
dT

I O RMS
dT
0
I min
dT
dt

2 I max I min 2 2 I min I max I min t
dT 2
1
I O RMS
dT
0
I min
dT
t
dT
dt

36
36
RMS value of output current
1
2 I max I min
2 2
I O RMS I min I min I max I min
3
RMS chopper current
dT
1
i dt
2
I CH 0
T 0
2
I max I min
dT
1
I CH
T 0 I min dT t dt

37
37
1
2 I max I min
2 2
I CH d I min I min I max I min
3
I CH d I O RMS
Effective input resistance is
V
Ri
IS
38
38
Where
I S Average source current
I S dI dc
V
Ri
dI dc
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39
Principle Of Step-up Chopper
VItON VO V ItOFF
I L D
+ V tON tOFF
+ VO
tOFF
L T
V C O
A VO VO V
D T tON
Chopper
Where
T = Chopping period or period
T tON tOFF of switching.

1
VO V
tON
1
T
1
VO V
1 d
tON
Where d duty cyle 40
T 40
Step-up chopper is used to obtain a load
voltage higher than the input voltage V.
The values of L and C are chosen depending
upon the requirement of output voltage and
current.
When the chopper is ON, the inductor L is
connected across the supply.
The inductor current I rises and the inductor
stores energy during the ON time of the
chopper, tON.
41
41
When the chopper is off, the inductor current I
is forced to flow through the diode D and load
for a period, tOFF.
The current tends to decrease resulting in
reversing the polarity of induced EMF in L.
Therefore voltage across load is given by
dI
VO V L i.e., VO V
dt
42
42
A large capacitor C connected across the
load, will provide a continuous output voltage
.
Diode D prevents any current flow from
capacitor to the source.
Step up choppers are used for regenerative
braking of dc motors.
43
43
Expression For Output Voltage
Assume the average inductor current to be
I during ON and OFF time of Chopper.
When Chopper is ON
Voltage across inductor L V
Therefore energy stored in inductor
= V .I .tON
Where tON ON period of chopper.
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44
When Chopper is OFF
(energy is supplied by inductor to load)
Voltage across L VO V
Energy supplied by inductor L VO V ItOFF
where tOFF OFF period of Chopper.
Neglecting losses, energy stored in inductor
L = energy supplied by inductor L
45
45
VItON VO V ItOFF
V tON tOFF
VO
tOFF
T
VO V
T tON
Where
T = Chopping period or period
of switching.
46
46
T tON tOFF

1
VO V
tON
1
T
1
VO V
1 d
tON
Where d duty cyle
T
47
47
For variation of duty cycle ' d ' in the
range of 0 d 1 the output voltage VO
will vary in the range V VO
48
48
Performance Parameters
The thyristor requires a certain minimum time to
turn ON and turn OFF.
Duty cycle d can be varied only between a min.
& max. value, limiting the min. and max. value
of the output voltage.
Ripple in the load current depends inversely on
the chopping frequency, f.
To reduce the load ripple current, frequency
should be as high as possible.
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49
Problem
A Chopper circuit is operating on TRC at a
frequency of 2 kHz on a 460 V supply. If the
load voltage is 350 volts, calculate the
conduction period of the thyristor in each
cycle.
50
50
V 460 V, Vdc = 350 V, f = 2 kHz
1
Chopping period T
f
1
T 3
0.5 m sec
2 10
tON
Output voltage Vdc V
T
51
51
Conduction period of thyristor
T Vdc
tON
V
3
0.5 10 350
tON
460
tON 0.38 msec
52
52
Problem
Input to the step up chopper is 200 V. The

output required is 600 V. If the conducting time
of thyristor is 200 sec. Compute
Chopping frequency,
If the pulse width is halved for constant
frequency of operation, find the new output
voltage.
53
53
V 200 V , tON 200 s, Vdc 600V
T
Vdc V
T tON
T
600 200 6
T 200 10
Solving for T
T 300 s
54
54
Chopping frequency
1
f
T
1
f 6
3.33KHz
300 10
Pulse width is halved
6
200 10
tON 100 s
2
55
55
Frequency is constant
f 3.33KHz
1
T 300 s
f
T
Output voltage = V
T tON
300 106
200 6
300 Volts
300 100 10
56
56
Problem
A dc chopper has a resistive load of 20 and

input voltage VS = 220V. When chopper is ON,
its voltage drop is 1.5 volts and chopping
frequency is 10 kHz. If the duty cycle is 80%,
determine the average output voltage and the
chopper on time.
57
57
VS 220V , R 20, f 10 kHz
tON
d 0.80
T
Vch = Voltage drop across chopper = 1.5 volts
tON
Vdc VS Vch
T
Vdc 0.80 220 1.5 174.8 Volts
58
58
Chopper ON time, tON dT
1
Chopping period, T
f
1 3
T 0.1 10 secs 100 secs
10 10 3
Chopper ON time,
tON dT
3
tON 0.80 0.1 10
3
tON 0.08 10 80 secs
59
59
Problem
In a dc chopper, the average load current is 30
Amps, chopping frequency is 250 Hz, supply
voltage is 110 volts. Calculate the ON and OFF
periods of the chopper if the load resistance is
2 ohms.
60
60
I dc 30 Amps, f 250 Hz, V 110 V , R 2
1 1
Chopping period, T 4 103 4 msecs
f 250
Vdc
I dc & Vdc dV
R
dV
I dc
R
I dc R 30 2
d 0.545
V 110
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61
Chopper ON period,
3
tON dT 0.545 4 10 2.18 msecs
Chopper OFF period,
tOFF T tON
tOFF 4 103 2.18 103
tOFF 1.82 103 1.82 msec
62
62
A dc chopper in figure has a resistive load of R
= 10 and input voltage of V = 200 V. When
chopper is ON, its voltage drop is 2 V and the
chopping frequency is 1 kHz. If the duty cycle is
60%, determine
Effective input resistance of chopper
Chopper efficiency.
63
63
Chopper
i0
+
V R v0
V 200 V , R 10, Chopper voltage drop Vch 2V

d 0.60, f 1 kHz.
64
64
Vdc d V Vch
Vdc 0.60 200 2 118.8 Volts
VO d V Vch
VO 0.6 200 2 153.37 Volts
65
65
Effective input resistance of chopper is
V V
Ri
I S I dc
Vdc 118.8
I dc 11.88 Amps
R 10
V V 200
Ri 16.83
I S I dc 11.88
Output power is
V Vch
dT 2 dT 2
1 v 1
PO
T
0
R
dt
0
T
0
R
dt
66
66
d V Vch
2
PO
R
0.6 200 2
2
PO 2352.24 watts
10
Input power,
dT
1
Pi
T Vi dt
0
O
1
dT
V V Vch
PO
T 0 R dt
67
67
dV V Vch
PO
R
0.6 200 200 2
PO 2376 watts
10
Chopper efficiency,
PO
100
Pi
2352.24
100 99%
2376
68
68
Problem
A chopper is supplying an inductive load with a
free-wheeling diode. The load inductance is 5 H
and resistance is 10.. The input voltage to the
chopper is 200 volts and the chopper is operating
at a frequency of 1000 Hz. If the ON/OFF time
ratio is 2:3. Calculate
Maximum and minimum values of load current
in one cycle of chopper operation.
Average load current
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69
L 5 H , R 10, f 1000 Hz,
V 200 V , tON : tOFF 2 : 3
Chopping period,
1 1
T 1 msecs
f 1000
tON 2

tOFF 3
2
tON tOFF
3
70
70
T tON tOFF
2
T tOFF tOFF
3
5
T tOFF
3
3
tOFF T
5
3 3
T 110 0.6 msec
5 71
71
tON T tOFF
tON 1 0.6 103 0.4 msec
Duty cycle,
3
tON 0.4 10
d 3
0.4
T 110
Maximum value of load current is given by

dRT

V 1 e L
E
I max
R
RT R
1 e L
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72
Since there is no voltage source in
the load circuit, E = 0

dRT

V 1 e L
I max
R
RT
1 e L

3
0.410110

200 1 e 5

I max 101103
10
1 e 5
73
73
1 e 0.8103
I max 20 2103

1 e
I max 8.0047A
Minimum value of load current with E = 0
is given by

dRT
V e 1 L
I min
R RT
e L 1
74
74

0.4101103
200 e 1 5
I min 7.995 A
10 101510
3
e 1
Average load current
I max I min
I dc
2
8.0047 7.995
I dc 8 A
2
75
75
Problem
A chopper feeding on RL load is shown in
figure, with V = 200 V, R = 5, L = 5 mH, f
= 1 kHz, d = 0.5 and E = 0 V. Calculate
Maximum and minimum values of load
current.
Average value of load current.
RMS load current.
Effective input resistance as seen by source.
RMS chopper current.
76
76
V = 200 V, R = 5 , L = 5 mH,
f = 1kHz, d = 0.5, E = 0
Chopping period is
1 1 3
T 110 secs
f 110 3
Chopper
i0
+
R
v0
FWD L
E
77
77
Maximum value of load current is given by

dRT

V 1 e L E
I max
R
RT R
1 e L

3
0.5 5 1 10

200 1 e 510
3
I max 51103
0
5
1 e 5103

1 e 0.5
I max 40 1
24.9 A
1 e
78
78
Minimum value of load current is given by
dRT
V e 1 E
L
I min
R L RT R
e 1

3
0.551 10
1
3
200 e 510
I min 5110 3 0
5
e 5103 1

e0.5 1
I min 40 1 15.1 A
e 1
79
79
Average value of load current is
I1 I 2
I dc
2
for linear variation of currents
24.9 15.1
I dc 20 A
2
RMS load current is given by
1
2 I max I min
2 2
I O RMS I min I min I max I min
3 80
80
1
24.9 15.1
2 2
I O RMS 15.1
2
15.1 24.9 15.1
3
1
96.04 2
I O RMS 228.01 147.98 20.2 A
3
RMS chopper current is given by
I ch d I O RMS 0.5 20.2 14.28 A
81
81
Effective input resistance is
V
Ri
IS
I S = Average source current
I S dI dc
I S 0.5 20 10 A
Therefore effective input resistance is
V 200
Ri 20
IS 10
82
82
Classification Of Choppers
Choppers are classified as
Class A Chopper
Class B Chopper
Class C Chopper
Class D Chopper
Class E Chopper
83
83
Class A Chopper
i0 v0
+
Chopper
L
O v0 V
V A
FWD D
i0
84
84
When chopper is ON, supply voltage V is
connected across the load.
When chopper is OFF, vO = 0 and the load
current continues to flow in the same direction
through the FWD.
The average values of output voltage and
current are always positive.
Class A Chopper is a first quadrant chopper .
85
85
Class A Chopper is a step-down chopper in
which power always flows form source to load.
It is used to control the speed of dc motor.
The output current equations obtained in step
down chopper with R-L load can be used to
study the performance of Class A Chopper.
86
86
i0 v0
+
Chopper
L
O v0 V
V A
FWD D
i0
ig Thyristor
gate pulse
t
i0
Output current
CH ON
t
v0 FWD Conducts
Output voltage
t
tON
T 87
87
Class B Chopper
D
i0 v0
+
R
V L v0
Chopper
E i0

88
88
When chopper is ON, E drives a current
through L and R in a direction opposite to that
shown in figure.
During the ON period of the chopper, the
inductance L stores energy.
When Chopper is OFF, diode D conducts, and
part of the energy stored in inductor L is
returned to the supply.
89
89
Average output voltage is positive.
Average output current is negative.
Therefore Class B Chopper operates in second
quadrant.
In this chopper, power flows from load to
source.
Class B Chopper is used for regenerative
braking of dc motor.
Class B Chopper is a step-up chopper.
90
90
D
i0 v0
+
R
V L v0
Chopper
E i0

ig
Thyristor
gate pulse
t
i0 tOFF tON
T
t
Output current
Imax
Imin
D
conducts Chopper
conducts
v0 Output voltage
91
91
Expression for Output Current
92
92
During the interval diode 'D' conducts
voltage equation is given by
LdiO
V RiO E
dt
For the initial condition i.e.,
iO t I min at t 0
The solution of the above equation is obtained
along similar lines as in step-down chopper
with R-L load
93
93
V E R
t R
t
iO t 1 e
L
I min e
L
0 t tOFF
R
At t tOFF iO t I max
V E
R
t
R
tOFF
I max
OFF
min
L L
1 e I e
R
During the interval chopper is ON voltage
equation is given by
LdiO
0 RiO E
dt
94
94
Redefining the time origin, at t 0 iO t I max
The solution for the stated initial condition is
R
t E
R
t
iO t I max e L
1 e L
0 t tON
R
At t tON iO t I min
R
tON E
R
tON
I min I max e L
1 e L

R
95
95
Class C Chopper
CH1 D1
i0 v0
+
V R
CH2 D2 L v0
Chopper
i0
E

96
96
Class C Chopper is a combination of Class A
and Class B Choppers.
For first quadrant operation, CH1 is ON or D2
conducts.
For second quadrant operation, CH2 is ON or
D1 conducts.
When CH1 is ON, the load current is positive.
The output voltage is equal to V & the load
receives power from the source.
When CH1 is turned OFF, energy stored in
inductance L forces current to flow through
the diode D2 and the output voltage is zero.
97
97
Current continues to flow in positive direction.
When CH2 is triggered, the voltage E forces
current to flow in opposite direction through L
and CH2 .
The output voltage is zero.
On turning OFF CH2 , the energy stored in the
inductance drives current through diode D1
and the supply
Output voltage is V, the input current becomes
negative and power flows from load to source.
98
98
Average output voltage is positive
Average output current can take both positive
and negative values.
Choppers CH1 & CH2 should not be turned ON
simultaneously as it would result in short
circuiting the supply.
Class C Chopper can be used both for dc motor
control and regenerative braking of dc motor.
Class C Chopper can be used as a step-up or
step-down chopper.
99
99
CH1 D1
i0 v0
+
V R
CH2 D2 L v0
Chopper
i0
E

ig1
Gate pulse
of CH1
t
ig2 Gate pulse
of CH2
t
i0
Output current
D1 CH1 D2 CH2 D1 CH1 D2 CH2

ON ON ON ON
V0
Output voltage
t
100
100
Class D Chopper
v0
CH1 D2
R i0 L E
V
+ v0 i0
D1 CH2
101
101
Class D is a two quadrant chopper.
When both CH1 and CH2 are triggered
simultaneously, the output voltage vO = V and
output current flows through the load.
When CH1 and CH2 are turned OFF, the load
current continues to flow in the same direction
through load, D1 and D2 , due to the energy
stored in the inductor L.
Output voltage vO = - V .
102
102
Average load voltage is positive if chopper ON
time is more than the OFF time
Average output voltage becomes negative if
tON < tOFF .
Hence the direction of load current is always
positive but load voltage can be positive or
negative.
103
103
v0
CH1 D2
R i0 L E
V
+ v0 i0
ig1
Gate pulse D1 CH2
of CH1
t
ig2 Gate pulse
of CH2
t
i0
Output current
t
CH1,CH2 D1,D2 Conducting
ON
v0
Output voltage
V
Average v0
t
104
104
v0
CH1 D2
R i0 L E
V
+ v0 i0
D1 CH2
ig1
Gate pulse
of CH1
t
ig2 Gate pulse
of CH2
t
i0
Output current
CH1
CH2
t
D1, D2
v0
Output voltage
V
t
Average v0
105
105
Class E Chopper
CH1 D1 CH3 D3
i0 R L E
V
+
v0
CH2 D2 CH4 D4
106
106
Four Quadrant Operation
CH1 D1 CH3 D3
i0 R L E
V
+
v0
CH2 D2 CH4 D4
v0
CH2 - D4 Conducts CH1 - CH4 ON
D1 - D4 Conducts CH4 - D2 Conducts
i0
CH3 - CH2 ON D2 - D3 Conducts

CH2 - D4 Conducts CH4 - D2 Conducts
107
107
Class E is a four quadrant chopper
When CH1 and CH4 are triggered, output
current iO flows in positive direction through
CH1 and CH4, and with output voltage vO = V.
This gives the first quadrant operation.
When both CH1 and CH4 are OFF, the energy
stored in the inductor L drives iO through D2
and D3 in the same direction, but output
voltage vO = -V.
108
108
Therefore the chopper operates in the
fourth quadrant.
When CH2 and CH3 are triggered, the load
current iO flows in opposite direction & output
voltage vO = -V.
Since both iO and vO are negative, the chopper
operates in third quadrant.
109
109
When both CH2 and CH3 are OFF, the load
current iO continues to flow in the same
direction D1 and D4 and the output voltage
vO = V.
Therefore the chopper operates in second
quadrant as vO is positive but iO is negative.
110
110
Problem
For the first quadrant chopper shown in figure,
express the following variables as functions of V,
R and duty cycle d in case load is resistive.
Average output voltage and current
Output current at the instant of commutation
Average and RMS free wheeling diode current.
RMS and average thyristor currents.
111
111
i0
+
Chopper
L
O v0
V FWD A
D
112
112
tON
Average output voltage, Vdc V dV
T
Vdc dV
Average output current, I dc
R R
The thyristor is commutated at the instant t tON
V
output current at the instant of commutation is
R
since V is the output voltage at that instant.
113
113
CYCLOCONVERTERS
114
115
116

DC Choppers

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DC Choppers

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DC Choppers

Therefore RMS output voltage Vdc

Talking Laplace transform E

At the instant the chopper is turned ON or at

Input to the step up chopper is 200 V. The

A dc chopper has a resistive load of 20 and

V 200 V , R 10, Chopper voltage drop Vch 2V

D1 CH1 D2 CH2 D1 CH1 D2 CH2

CH3 - CH2 ON D2 - D3 Conducts

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