Reproduction and development

I,II,III

Dr. Lubna Shirin

BDS -11th batch

 Embryology
Embryology is the science which will answer
the eternal question in the minds of all from
childhood- Where have I come from and
how?

It reveals the information about the

development of an individual from a single
cell (Zygote) to its completion.
 The Reproductive System
Gonads primary sex organs
Testes in males
Ovaries in females

Gonads produce gametes (sex cells) and secrete

hormones
Sperm male gametes
Ova (eggs) female gametes
Male Reproductive System
 Male Reproductive System

Testes- Mixture of sperm and accessory gland

secretions.

Duct system
Epididymis
Ductus deferens
Urethra
Male Reproductive System

Accessory organs
Seminal vesicle
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral gland
External genitalia
Penis
Scrotum
 Spermatogenesis
Production of sperm cells
Begins at puberty and continues throughout
life.
Occurs in the seminiferous tubules
Spermatogonia (stem cells) undergo rapid
mitosis to produce more stem cells before
puberty
 Processes of Spermatogenesis

Primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis.

Haploid spermatids are produced.

Spermatogenesis takes 64 to 72 days

Female Reproductive System

Figure 16.8b
 Ovaries
Composed
of ovarian
follicles
(sac-like
structures)
Structure of
an ovarian
follicle
Oocyte
Follicular cells Figure 16.7
 Ovarian Follicle Stages
Primary follicle contains an immature oocyte
Graffian (vesicular) follicle growing follicle
with a maturing oocyte.
Ovulation when the egg is mature the follicle
ruptures
Occurs about every 28 days.
The ruptured follicle is transformed into a
corpus luteum.
 Uterine (Fallopian) Tubes

Receive the ovulated oocyte

Provide a site for fertilization
Attaches to the uterus
Does not physically attach to the ovary
Supported by the broad ligament
 Oogenesis

The total supply of eggs are present at birth.

Ability to release eggs begins at puberty
Reproductive ability ends at menopause
Oocytes are matured in developing ovarian
follicles
 Oogenesis

Oogonia female stem cells found in a

developing fetus
Oogonia undergo mitosis to produce primary
oocytes
Primary oocytes are surrounded by cells that
form primary follicles in the ovary
Oogonia no longer exist by the time of birth
 Oogenesis
Primary oocytes are inactive until puberty
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) causes some
primary follicles to mature
Meiosis starts inside maturing follicle
Produces a secondary oocyte and the first
polar body
Meiosis is completed after ovulation only if
sperm penetrates
Two additional polar bodies are produced
Oogenesis

Figure 16.10
Stages of pregnancy and development

Fertilization

Embryonic development

Fetal development

Childbirth
 Fertilization

The oocyte is viable for 12 to 24 hours after

ovulation.
Sperm are viable for 12 to 48 hours after
ejaculation.
Sperm cells must make their way to the
uterine tube for fertilization to be possible.
Spermatozoan
 The Zygote

First cell of a new individual

The result of the fusion of DNA from sperm
and egg
The zygote begins rapid mitotic cell divisions
The zygote stage is in the uterine tube, moving
toward the uterus
Development from Ovulation to
Implantation
 The Embryo
Developmental stage from the start of
cleavage until the ninth week
The embryo first undergoes division without
growth
The embryo enters the uterus at the
16-cell state
The embryo floats free in the uterus
temporarily
Uterine secretions are used for nourishment
 The Blastocyst
Ball-like circle of cells
Begins at about the 100 cell stage
Secretes human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
to produce the corpus luteum to continue
producing hormones
The blastocyst implants in the wall of the
uterus (by day 14)
Development from Ovulation to
Implantation
 Development After Implantation

Chorionic villi (projections of the blastocyst)

develop
Cooperate with cells of the uterus to form
the placenta
The embryo is surrounded by the amnion (a
fluid filled sac)
An umbilical cord forms to attach the embryo
to the placenta
Development After Implantation
Main events of fertilization
 Early division of zygote into multiple cells
Cleavage without increase in size, partitions
contents

Morula
solid ball of cells

Zygote
Blastocyst
with blastocoele cavity
Blastocyst formation
9-day human blastocyst
12 day human blastocyst
 Functions of the Placenta
Forms a barrier between mother and embryo
(blood is not exchanged)
Delivers nutrients and oxygen
Removes waste from embryonic blood
Becomes an endocrine organ (produces
hormones) and takes over for the corpus
luteum
Estrogen
Progesterone
Other hormones that maintain pregnancy
 The Fetus (Beginning of the Ninth
Week)

All organ systems are formed by the end of the

eighth week
Activities of the fetus are growth and organ
specialization
A stage of tremendous growth and change in
appearance
 The first Trimester
weeks 1-12; fetus size ~ 3 in.; weight ~ 14 g

Cleavage
Implantation
Placentation
Embryogenesis

Basic organ plan and tissues laid out

most susceptible to damage or
disorganization at this time
 Formation of Extra-embryonic
Membranes
visible after day 10:

Amnion Protection of
embryo/fetus

Yolk sac
Early site of blood cell formation
 Embryogenesis
Following gastrulation, formation of viable embryo.
Head fold and tail fold develop.
Critical period organogenes.
Teratogens, Teratology = ?
Rubella and syphilis
X-rays
FAS and smoking
 Second and Third Trimester
After the end of 8 weeks: Fetal development

Week 12: all organ systems laid out

Most teratogens not lethal anymore but

produce major defects
3rd trimester mostly for size increase
and maturity.
 Examination.
Bilaminar disc
Trilaminar disc
Notochord
Derivatives of germ layers
Trophoblast

Multiple choice questions

Essay question
 Development

Prenatal period:
Embryonic period first 8 weeks.
Fetal period remaining 30 weeks.
Embryonic period
Fetal period
 Embryonic period
Week 1 from zygote to blastocyst:
Conception in ampulla of uterine tube.
Zygote (fertilized oocyte) moves toward
the uterus.
Blastomeres daughter cells formed
from zygote.
Morula solid cluster of 1216
blastomeres
Mulberry.
Blastocyst fluid-filled structure ~ 60
cells.
 Embryonic period
Stages of first week
Zygote
4-cell
Morula
Early blastocyst
Late blastocyst (implants at this stage)
The Primitive streak
 The Notochord
Primitive node a swelling at one end of
primitive streak.
Notochord forms from primitive node and
endoderm.
Notochord defines body axis..
Is the site of the future vertebral column.
Appears on day 16.
Notochord gives rise to nucleus
pulposus within intervertebral discs.
Formation of the Mesoderm and Notochord
 Neurulation
Neurulation ectoderm starts forming brain
and spinal cord.
Neural plate ectoderm in the dorsal
midline thickens.
Neural groove ectoderm folds inward.
Neural tube a hollow tube pinches off
into the body
Cranial part of the neural tube becomes
the brain
Maternal folic acid deficiency causes
neural tube defects
 Neurulation
Neural crest
Cells originate from ectodermal cells.
Forms sensory nerve cells.
Induction
Ability of one group of cells to influence
developmental direction of other cells.
Neurulation
 Mesoderm begins to differentiate
1.Paraxial mesoderm gives rise to our first body
segments called somites.
2.Intermediate mesoderm begins as a continuous
strip of tissue just lateral to the paraxial mesoderm.
3.Lateral plate mesoderm most lateral part of the
mesoderm.

Coelom becomes serous body cavities

Somatic mesoderm apposed to the
ectoderm
Splanchnic mesoderm apposed to the
endoderm
Development of Mesoderm
Changes in the Embryo
Changes in the Embryo
 Week 4 Body takes shape
Folding of embryo laterally and at the head
and tail.
Embryonic disc bulges and growing faster
than yolk sac.
Tadpole shape by day 24 after
conception.
Primitive gut encloses tubular part of the
yolk sac.
Site of future digestive tube and
respiratory structures.
Week 4 Body takes shape
 Week 4 Body takes shape
Derivatives of the germ layers:
Ectoderm forms
Brain, spinal cord, and epidermis.
Endoderm forms
Inner epithelial lining of the gut tube.
Respiratory tubes, digestive organs, and
urinary bladder.
Notochord gives rise to nucleus
pulposus within intervertebral discs
 Week 4 Body takes shape
Mesoderm forms
Muscle
Bone
Dermis
Connective tissues (all)
Mesoderm differentiates further and is more
complex than the other two layers.
 Week 4 Body takes shape
Mesoderm (continued)
Somites divides into
Sclerotome
Dermatome
Myotome
Intermediate mesoderm forms
Kidneys and gonads
 Week 4 Body takes shape
Mesoderm (continued)
Splanchnic mesoderm
Forms musculature, connective tissues,
and serosa of the digestive and
respiratory structures
Forms heart and most blood vessels
Somatic mesoderm forms
Dermis of skin
Bones
Ligaments
Derivatives of Germ layers
Mesoderm
Derivatives of
ectoderm
 Week 5-8 Second month of Embryonic development

Limb buds are formed to form upper and

lower limbs.
Embryo first looks recognizably human (week
8).
Head is disproportionately large.
All major organs
are in place.
 The Fetal period
A time of maturation and rapid growth.
Cells are differentiating during the first half of
the fetal period.
Normal births occur 38 weeks after
conception.
Premature birth is one that occurs before 38
weeks.
Developmental Events of the Fetal
Period
Developmental events of the Fetal
period
Developmental events of the Fetal
period
Finally
 Summary
Study of development of the embryo
5 major stages...
Gametogenesis & fertilization
Cleavage
Gastrulation
Neurulation
Organogenesis
Fertilization & Cleavage
Gastrulation
Gastrulation
Neurulation
Organogenesis
The development of fetal
membranes and placenta
 Self study
Amnion
Chorion
Chorionic villi
Allantois
Placenta
Thank you
1) chorion:
---formed by
trophoblast and
extraembryonic
mesoderm
1---primary stem villus: projections of cytotrophoblast and
syncytiotrophoblast
2---secondary stem villus: extraembryonic mesoderm enter the
primary stem villus
3.tertiary stem villus: extraembryonic mesoderm differentiate
into CT and BV
* chorionic plate: trophoblast + extraembryonic mesoderm
* chorion: secondary stem villus + chorionic plate
free villus: branches
anchoring villus
---cytotrophoblastic cell column: cytotrophoblastic
shell
---chorion leave: 6 weeks later
---chorion frondosum
---hydatidiform mole
---chorion carcinoma
2) yolk sac:
---blood island: primitive blood cell- derived
from extraembryonic mesoderm on the
wall of yolk sac
---primordial germ cell: derived from
endoderm of yolk sac

Yolk sac cavity Umbilical cord

3) amnion:
---amniotic membrane: amniotic epi. +
extraembryonic mesoderm

---amniotic fluid:
/secreted by amniotic epi.
/slight basic fluid: 500-1000ml
-polyhydramnios: >2000 ml, abnormal digestive
system or CNS
-oligohydramnios: <500 ml, abnormal urinary
system
/function:
-intraenvironment chorion

-protecting
-preventing from adherence
-wash germ tract
4) allantois
---allantoic A: paired, umbilical A
---allantoic V: paired
right: degenerate Allantois

left: umbilical V

Allantoic
diverticulum
5) umbilical cord
---cylindrical structure
---surface: amniotic membrane U.C

---cord: mucous CT, umbilical A,V, yolk sac and

allantois
---40-60 cm long, 1.5-2.0 cm in D
---> 80 cm, or < 35 cm
 Chorion frondosum
U.C

6) placenta:
---the structure by which exchange of material
between fetus and mother takes place
---size: round, disc-shaped, 15-20 cm in D, 2.5 cm
thickness, 500g in weight
 Fetal surface

M
Fetal surface: smooth,
covered by amniotic
membrane
maternal surface: rough,
15-30 cotyledons
 Umbilical
---structure:
Artery & vein
/chorionic plate
/chorion and chorion
space
-chorion:60 chorion
stalksbranches
Maternal septum -chorionspace: space
endomentrium
between chorion,
filled with mother
blood
 Placental circulation
Primary villus

Cotyledons

/basal plate: cytotrophoblastic shell + deciduas

-placental septa: separate the chorion into
cotyledon
---blood circulation of placenta
fetus: umbilical A cap. of chorion
umbilical V
mother: spiral A chorion space uterus V
* placental barrier:
/the structure between fetal and maternal
blood
/components:
-endothelium of chorion capillary and its
basal lamina
-CT in the core of the villus
-trophoblast epithelium and its basal lamina
---function:
a. the exchange of material between the
maternal and fetal blood streams
b. defense barrier
c. the production of hormones:
/human chorionic gonadotropin, HCG:
-
 Formation of Extra-embryonic
Membranes
visible after day 10:

Amnion Protection of
embryo/fetus

Yolk sac
Early site of blood cell formation
 Placentation
Development of placenta from edges of blastocyst.
Placenta forms from the chorion and the endometrium and
allow the embryo/fetus to exchange nutrients and waste.
Decidua basalis (maternal component)+chorion (fetal
component) = placenta
Chorionic villi provide surface area for exchange.
Nutrient and gas exchange happens without actual blood
exchange.
Umbilical cord contains two umbilical arteries and one
umbilical vein