Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Boiler feed water requirements, scale & sludge, priming & foaming,
Caustic embrittlement and Boiler corrosion
Effects of corrosion
Glasses - types
Unit V Fuels and Combustion
Introduction types of fuels
Petroleum synthetic petrol, Diesel oil, knocking octane and cetane number
Though 80% of the earths surface is occupied with water, less than 1%
of water is available for ready use.
SOURCES OF WATER
Dissolved impurities inorganic salts of Na, K, Ca, Mg, Al, Fe and traces
of other metals as chlorides, sulphates, bicarbonates,
etc.
Hardness the property or characteristics of water, which does not produce lather
with soap.
Detection of hardness
Hard water does not produce lather with soap solution and produces white scum.
Hard water gives wine red colour with Eriochrome Black-T indicator at pH 9 10.
TYPES OF HARDNESS
1. Temporary hardness (or) Carbonate hardness:
ppm the number of parts by weight of CaCO3 equivalent hardness per million
(106) parts of water.
mg/l the number of milligrams of CaCO3 equivalent hardness per litre of water.
3. EDTA method
BOILER FEED WATER
Boiler feed water the water fed into the boiler for the production of steam.
Requirements of boiler feed water
1. Wastage of fuels
140
120
100
80
0
1
2
3
4
5
2. Decrease in efficiency due to the deposition of scales in the
valves and condensers of the boiler and choke.
3. Boiler explosion
Sometimes due to over heating the thick scales may crack and causes
sudden contact of high heated boiler material with water.
Scales can be removed using scraper, wire brush etc. at the initial
stage.
By using suitable chemicals like dil. acids (for CaCO3 scale), EDTA
(for CaSO4 scale) with which they form suitable complexes.
Priming the small droplets of liquid water associated with steam (wet steam).
Carry over - the droplets of water carry some suspended and dissolved solids.
It is caused by -
It is caused by
A form of corrosion caused by high concentration of NaOH in the boiler feed water.
Fe + 2NaOH Na2FeO2 + H2
Sodium
ferroate
It is a type of electrochemical corrosion occurs when the concentration of NaOH is
above 100 ppm. It occurs at the stressed parts like bends, joints, rivets, etc.
Caustic embrittlement
Prevention of caustic embrittlement
adding chemicals such as tannin, lignin to the boiler water. They block the
hairline cracks.
dissolved oxygen
When water containing bicarbonates is heated, CO2 is evolved which makes the
water acidic (by forming carbonic acid). This leads to intense local corrosion
called pitting corrosion.
Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3 + H2O + CO2
Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2
Corrosion by HCl can be avoided by the addition of alkali to the boiler water.
Prevention of boiler corrosion chemical method or mechanical method
Chemical method
Na2SO3 + O2 2Na2SO4
Sodium Sodium
sulphite sulphate
N2H4 + O2 N2 + 2H2O
Hydrazine
Lime-soda process
Sodium zeolite Na2Ze which exchange Na+ ions with the hardness producing
ions like Ca2+, Mg2+ in water.
Process
Ca(HCO3)2 + Na2Ze CaZe + 2NaHCO3
The sodium salts formed in the above reactions remain dissolved in the softened
water and do not impart any hardness.
Regeneration
Sodium zeolite gets exhausted due to its conversion into Ca and Mg zeolites.
The method is cheap, because the regenerated zeolite can be used again.
This process does not produce any sludge and hence a clean process.
The process exchanges only calcium and magnesium ions with sodium ions and
hence the softened water contain more sodium and also more of dissolved salts.
It does not remove the acidic ions such as bicarbonate and carbonate and remain
as sodium salts contributing to the alkalinity and causes boiler corrosion.
The water containing turbidity and suspended impurities cannot be treated by this
method because turbidity clogs the pores of the zeolite bed.
The process is not very efficient for treating water containing large quantities of
Fe2+ and Mn2+ ions as these ions convert sodium zeolite into their respective zeolites
which are difficult to be regenerated.
Demineralization or Ion Exchange Process
Soft water does not contain hardness producing Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions but it may
contain other ions like Na+, K+, Cl-, SO42-.
Every soft water is not demineralized water whereas every demineralized water
is soft water.
Ion exchangers are resins with a long chain, cross-linked, insoluble organic
polymers with a microporous structure. The functional groups attached to the
chains are responsible for the ion exchanging properties.
The following two types of resins are used for demineralization process:
Cation exchange resins possess acidic group such as COOH or SO3H groups.
Cations in hard water are exchanged with H+ ions of this resins. This resin may be
represented as RH2.
Anion exchange resins possess basic groups such as OH- or NH2- group. Anions
in hard water are exchanged with OH ions of this resins. It may be represented as
R(OH)2.
SO3 H
CH CH2 CH CH2 CH CH2 CH
SO3 H SO3 H
CH CH2 CH CH2 CH CH2 CH
SO3H SO3 H
SO3 H
+ _
HOR3NH2C
CH CH2 CH CH2 CH CH2 CH
+ _
SO3 H HOR3NH2C
CH CH2 CH CH2 CH CH2 CH
+ _ _
+
HOR3NH2C CH2NR3 OH
The water coming out from this column is completely free from both cations and
anions. H+ and OH- ions combine to produce water molecule.
+ _
H + OH H2O
The water coming out from the second column is neutral and is free from all ions.
It is known as deionised or demineralised water.
Regeneration of resins
The hardness of water can be reduced to about 2 ppm and hence it is suitable for
use in high pressure boilers.
Highly acidic or highly alkaline water can be softened by using this process.
Limitations
Water containing Fe and Mn cannot be treated because they form stable product
with the resins.
Differences between zeolite and demineralization processes
S. No. Zeolite Process Demineralization process
1. Only cations are exchanged. Both cations and anions are
exchanged.
2. Since acidic water decomposes Acidic water can be treaated.
the zeolite it cannot be treated.
3. Treated water contains more Water treated by this process
dissolved salts which causes contains no dissolved salts and
priming, foaming and caustic no priming or foaming is
embrittlement in boilers caused.
4. Disadvantages Disadvantages
Water with Fe, Mn and Water with Fe, Mn and
turbidity cannot be treated. turbidity cannot be treated.
Internal Treatment or Internal Conditioning
It involves adding chemicals directly to the water in the boilers for removing
dangerous scale forming salts.
Carbonate conditioning
Phosphate conditioning
Calgon conditioning
Colloidal conditioning
EDTA conditioning
Carbonate conditioning
The scale forming salt like CaSO4 is converted into CaCO3, which can be
removed easily.
The phosphate reacts with calcium and magnesium salts to give soft
sludges of calcium and magnesium phosphates.
Trisodium phosphate Na3PO4 (too alkaline) : used for too acidic water.
This interacts with calcium ions forming a highly soluble complex and thus
prevents the precipitation of scale forming salt.
The colloidal conditioning agents are kerosene, agar-agar, gelatin, glue, etc.
The colloidal substance convert scale forming substances like CaCO3, CaSO4
into a sludge which can be removed by blow-down operation.
Desalination or Desalting
Reverse osmosis
Electrodialysis
Distillation
Reverse osmosis
Cellulose acetate
Polyimide sulphone
Cellulose butyrate
Osmotic pressure - the excess pressure applied on the concentrated solution side
to prevent osmosis.
This natural process can be reversed by applying a pressure higher than the
osmotic pressure of the order 15 40 kg/cm2 on the high concentrated side.
The solvent flow is reversed ie. solvent flows from higher concentrated side to
lower concentrated side. This process is called reverse osmosis.
Advantages
The water obtained by this process is used for high pressure boilers
Due to low capital and operating cost and high reliability this process is
used for converting sea water into drinking water.
The life time of the membrane is high and it can be replaced within a short time.
- Depends on purpose
- Standards Set By:
1. WHO- World Health Organization
2. USPHD- United States Health Service
3. ICMR- Indian Council of Medical Research
1. Turbidity, Colour
2. Taste, Odour
3. Microbes
4. Toxicity (Organic and Inorganic Metals)