What is social security

The concept Social Security enshrined in Article 22 of the Universal

Declaration of Human Rights which states that Everyone as a
member of society ,has the right to social security and is entitled to
realization, through national effort and international co-operation
and in accordance with the organization and resources of each state
,of the economic ,social and cultural rights indispensable for his
dignity and the free development of his personality.

Social security may also refers to the action programmes of

Government intended to promote the welfare of the population
through assistance measure guaranteeing access to sufficient
resources for food, shelter and to promote health, employment to
potentially vulnerable section of the society.
SOCIAL SECURITY IN INDIA
According to the Article 41 of Indian Constitution The
state shall ,within the limits of its economic capacity
and development ,make effective provision for
securing the right to work ,to education and to public
assistance in case of unemployment, old age ,sickness
and disablement and in other cases of undeserved
want.

There are many schemes implemented for providing

social security to the people of India .one of the
recent and unique social security programme enacted
by Government of India is National Rural Employment
Guarantee Act(NREGA) in 2005.
MGNREGA
Amidst great hype and hopes, Indian Parliament passed a
revolutionary novel and unique Act i.e is National Rural
Employment Guarantee Act(NREGA) in 2005.

The ongoing programmes of Sampoorn Grameen Rozgar

Yojna(SGRY),2001 and National Food For Work Programme
(NFFWP),2004 were subsumed within NREGA.

The scheme provides individual with legal Right to Employment

for 100 days in every financial year to adult members of any rural
household willing to do public work related unskilled manual work
at the statutory minimum wage of rs.174.
HISTORY OF MGNREGA

MGNREGA has come after almost 56 years of experience with

other rural employment programmes such as NREP-1980,RLEGP-
1983,JRY-1989,EAS-1993,JGSY-1999 etc.

National Rural Employment Guarantee Act(NREGA) in Indian

Legislation enacted on August 25,2005 and named after the Father
of the Nation Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment
Guarantee Act(MGNREGA) on Oct. 2009.
JOURNEY OF MGNREGA

Table 1.1: Tableshowing Time line of MGNREGA Programme.

August February,2006 April,2007 April,2008 16.Feb.2009 2nd OCT 2009

,2005

NREGA Came into force 130 more Universalization MOU with Name
Legalised in 200 districts. districts of the scheme in Postal Deptt . changed to
included . remaining 247 of India MGNREGA
districts

Source:- www.nrega.nic.in
It was first launched on February 2 ,2006 from
Anantpur district of Andra Pradesh.

The Act has been extended in Phases as follows,

.
Table 1.2:- Phase wise extension of MGNREGA in India.

PHASE DISTRICTS
200
130
247

Source:-Ministry of Rural Development , GOI

Currently 625 districts are covered under this scheme
.
Table-1.3:- Phase wise extension of MGNREGA in
Odisha.
PHASE DISTRICTS

19
i
5
ii
6
iii
Source:-Ministry of Rural Development , GOI
PROVISION AND FEATURES OF THE ACT
House hold with adults who are willing to do unskilled manual
work have to first register with their local Gram panchayat after
which they are provided with a job card (free of cost).

Now any job card holder may apply for employment and
minimum days of employment must be 14 days
If employment is not provided within 15 days of application
,then the applicant is entitled for unemployment allowance.
Work is to be preferably provided within 5 km radius of the
village and if it is beyond 5 km radius extra 10% of minimum wage
are payable.
1/3rd of the beneficiary must be women.
Wage are to be given on weekly basis .
Work side facilities such as crche, drinking water ,shade have
to be provided.
A 60:40 wage and employment ratio has to be maintained.
No contractors and machinery is allowed.
MGNREGA GOAL s

Enhancing livelihood security of rural people.

Arresting rural Migration.
Creates rural assets and infrastructure.
Restore environment.
Provide employment through the process of a
right based law.
 FINANCIAL PROGRESS IN MGNREGA
Table-1.4:-Financial outlay and expenditure of incurred by
MGNREGA in India.
Sl. No Category of FY 2016- FY 2015- FY 2014- FY 2013- FY 2012-
performance 17 16 15 14 13

1 Total centre
release(In Cr.) 41,352.32 35,974.64 32,139.10 32,746.27 29,908.68
Total
2 Availability(In
Cr.) 48,596.78 43,380.11 37,588.03 42,103.88 46,463.79

3 Total Exp[In Cr] 45,180.62 43,913.74 36,025.04 38,552.62 39,778.27

Percentage
4 Utilization 92.97 101.23 95.84 91.56 85.61

5 Wages[In Cr] 32,850.44 30,885.78 24,187.26 26,491.21 27,153.52

Material and
6 skilled Wages[In
Cr] 10,550.25 10,746.40 9,421.11 9,693.72 10,429.97

7 Material(%) 24.31 25.81 28.03 26.79 27.75

Source:-www.nrega.nic.in
 Table-1.5:-Financial outlay and expenditure of incurred by MGNREGA
in Odisha.
Sl. Category of FY 2016- FY 2015- FY 2014- FY 2013- FY 2012-
No performance 17 16 15 14 13

1 Total centre
Release 173882.97 147941.05 103530.34 75752.84 84797.88

2
Total Availability 189610.95 205910.58 111097.57 136499.87 104497.21

3 Total Exp(Rs. in
Lakhs.) 1,78,795.19 2,05,198.75 1,06,245.17 1,28,316.66 1,17,766.55

4 Percentage
Utilization 94.3 99.65 95.63 94 112.7

5 Wages(Rs. In
Lakhs) 1,19,309.04 1,57,721.21 71,410.85 92,605.33 66,694.69

6
Material and
skilled Wages(Rs.
In Lakhs) 54,023 40,746.19 30,047.82 30,215.44 44,307.92

7 Material(%) 31.17 20.53 29.62 24.6 39.92

Source:-www.nrega.nic.in
From the above source we can infer that the funding on
MGNREGS is increasing with highest percentage of utilisation in the
programme.
STATUS OF JOB CARD HOLDERS IN INDIA
Table.1.6

JOB CARD No.(Crore)

1.Total No. of Job Cards issued[In Cr] 12.48

2.Total No. of Workers[In Cr] 25.36

3.Total No. of Active Job Cards[In Cr] 7.24

4.Total No. of Active Workers[In Cr] 10.86

5.(i)SC worker against active workers[%] 20.68

6.(ii)ST worker against active workers[%] 16.16

Source:-www.nrega.nic.in
From the above data it is cleared that out of total registered workers i.e 25.36cr under
MGNREGS only 10.86cr workers are active which is nearly 40% of total registered
workers of India
 STATUS OF JOB CARD HOLDERS IN INDIA
Table.1.6

JOB CARD No.(Crore)

1.Total No. of Job Cards issued[In Cr] 12.48

2.Total No. of Workers[In Cr] 25.36

3.Total No. of Active Job Cards[In Cr] 7.24

4.Total No. of Active Workers[In Cr] 10.86

5.(i)SC worker against active

workers[%] 20.68
Source:-www.nrega.nic.in
6.(ii)ST worker against active

workers[%] 16.16
From the above data it is cleared that out of total registered workers i.e 25.36cr
under MGNREGS only 10.86cr workers are active which is nearly 40% of total
registered workers of India.
 PERSONDAYS GENERATED DURING FINANCIAL YEARS,ODISHA
Table.1.9

PROGRESS IN FY FY FY FY FY
PERSONDAYS 2016-17 2015-16 2014-15 2013-14 2012-13
Approved Labour Budget[In Lakhs] 800 760.06 633.13 595 611.98

Persondays Generated so far[In Lakhs] 563.37 894.46 535.4 711.82 546.01

% of Total LB 70.42 117.68 84.56 119.63 89.22

SC persondays % as of total persondays 16.32 15.91 15.82 16.35 17.6

ST persondays % as of total persondays 36.17 41.73 41.56 40.82 37.69

Women Persondays out of Total (%) 39.33 38.02 33.78 33.57 35.95
Average days of employment provided
per Household 33.43 44.78 36.44 41.62 34.14
Total No of HHs completed 100 Days of 16,137 1,97,460 82,022 1,56,781 75,085
Wage Employment
Total Households Worked[In Lakhs] 16.85 19.97 14.69 17.1 15.99

Total Individuals Worked[In Lakhs] 26.76 31.48 21.27 24.94 27.02

Source:-www.nrega.nic.in
Source:-www.nrega.nic.in

From the above data it has been cleared that only 27% active workers are
working under MGNREGA in Odisha ,a majority of 73% register workers are not
working under this programme.
The persondays generated in this programme is a failure to capture the whole rura
unemployment rate of INDIA and ODISHA which is rising day by day.
 Rural Unemployment rate in INDIA

This diagram indicates that rural unemployment is still rising from 3.4% in 2011-
12 to 5.1 in 2015-16.
NEED OF THE STUDY
MGNREGA is a flagship programme of Government
of India which is unique and first of its kind to provide
social security to the rural wage labourers.
A lion share of Indian Budget goes to this programme
which must be utilised properly according to the
guideline of MGNREGA. Then only the real impact of
this programme will reflect in the rate rural
unemployment and migration which are now
increasing day by day .
At present the degree of impact ,implementation
procedure ,irregularities, corruption becomes a hot
debate for researchers ,academicians and
politicians.
POST RESEARCH RESULT ON MGNREGA

1. Gupta and Fearooz (2015) studied the impact and durability of assets created under MGNREGA in
Block Sunderbani of district Rajouri. From his study they have found that MGNREGA has an
significant impact on rural households through assets created under MGNREGA programme. They
further held that the productive value of assets created under the scheme need to be enhanced and
suggested that the officials/functionaries should focus more on community assets and
convergence with other departments , so that the programme can be made more productive.
2. Bipul and Sebak (2013) studied the implementation status of MGNREGA in the village of
Sonamukhi Block of district Bankura in West Bengal so as to identify the emerging strengths and
weakness of the programme .Based on their study they concluded that though the programme has
the potential for upliftment of the socio-economic status of the rural poor by providing
guaranteed employment but because of some irregularities in implementation, people were not
satisfied.
3. In the article of L J Chaarlas and J M Velmurugan(2012)in MGNREGA:ISSUES AND
CHALLENGES.In his article he stated that the social security programme are not free from
flaws,so is the case of MGNREGA . Which highlights the issues and challenges faced by
Government while implementing the Worlds largest employment generating programme .He
classified the issues and challenges of MGNREGA with respect to Government and the public.
4. In the research study of Prabeen kumar Babarta(2013)Impact of MGNREGA in the lives of tribal
people :A study of Rayagada Block in Gajapti District.From his findings he has concluded that
the Tribal household in Gajapati district have been benefited from MGNREGA in many ways ,but
there is still a long way to fulfil the purpose of and objective o MGNREGA as the level of
awareness about MGNREGA is very poor among the tribal people of Gajapati District.
5. In a rearch study V.D Shah ,Manish Makwana (2011),on The impact of NREGA on the
wage rates ,food security and rural urban migration in Gujurat inferred that MGNREGA
holds the key to development of the countrys vast rural population .they also revealed that
the participation level, degree of awareness among the people are very low and there is a
need to bring transparency in conducting social audit, repaire ,maintenance of created
assets under MGNREGA.
6. CAG Report on MGNREGA(2007 & 2009) noted that the lack of administration and
technical manpower at block level and GP level was the main deficiency and need
immediate rectification. The quality of works undertaken was very poor.only 2.3% of
registered household have been provided work 100 days.the process of social audit is
unfortunately yet to be adopted with enthuasiasm.in the report of 2009 ,CAG reported that
despite implementing the MGNREGA ,rural migration increased by a whooping 116% in
Orissa with irregularities in galore at many fronts.
7. The probe panel formed by MORD,GOVT. Of India ,headed Amita Sharma ,joint
secretary in charge of MGNREGA ,found that funds of MGNREGA was diverted by
Gujurat state Govt. To the Deptt. Of Forest for their own work. they also found general
dealy 3-6 months in wage payment to the MGNREGA beneficiaries .in some GPs
workers were are asked to pay rs.50 for the photograph ,their job cards are under the
custodian of Sarpanches rather than workers which leads to corruption.
8. In his research paper Vanik anish found that employment generation in Hazaribagh
(Jharkhand) has been quite low.there were delay payment of40-50 days n wage
psyment.hence the workers choose to leave MGNREGA worksites for immediate
payment when alternative employment available.
9. In investigation carried out in 3 Blocks of Mayarbhanjs district of Odisha found pre-absence
of muster roll at worksites ,fake names or inflated entries in the muster roll ,suggesting
siphoning of funds by middle man .contractors who were banned in MGNREGA were found
at nearly half worksitesin some places instead of account payee e-cheque ,bearers cheque
were issued.
10. In his article, Hiral Dave reveals large scale duplication of job cards in Kotuda village of
Kutiyana Block,Porbandar district of Gujurat.The persons who died atv least two years ago
are holder of job cards and payment has been made to them and a family having 10 memberd
has no less than 20 cards issued on his family members names.
The above literature review gave a mixed opinion on both positive and negative being more in
the implementation of the programme.

PICK POINTS AND RESEARCH GAP

There are some other facets of the programme which has remained untouched and need to be
studied intensively and carefully i.e the real impact in achieving social security through this
programme ,degree of awareness ,infiltration of middlemen and influences of PRI members
,Govt. Officials in MGNREGA programme.
BROAD STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

One of the best and unique national programme which aimed at providing legal right for
employment is failing to assured social security to the actual poor rural labourers for various
reasons, which must be studied intensively for the success of the programme in a country of
highest unemployed wage labourers in rural India.
 OBJECTIVES
To examine the real impact of MGNREGA programme in enhancing
the social security level of rural wage labourers.
To analysed the socio-economic status of the household employed
under MGNREGA.
To trace the degree of awareness among the people of rural wage
labourers.
To find out the participation level of rural labourers in the process of
MGNREGA.
To identify the role of Panchayati Raj institution, Govt. Functionaries
and other middlemen/mediators in the implementation of the
programme.
To know the actual feeling, comments and suggestion of the people
for strengthening the implementation strategy of MGNREGA.
HYPOSHESIS

In the light of above objectives ,the following hypothesis are

proposed:-
i. Benefits under MGNREGA have not percolated to the real wage
earning poor rural labourers.
ii. MGNREGA has helped the so called middle men/mediators, Govt.
Functionaries rather than actual beneficiaries.
These hypotheses which provide tentative solution to the present
research problem will be subject to verification during the course of
research studies
RESEARCH DESIGN

The study will adopt a Diagnostic and Descriptive research design to

complete the research project.
Table.1.10
STATUS KHORDHA KALAHANDI

NO. OF HOUSEHOLD 131253 311958

ISSUED JOBCARD

LITERACY RATE % 87.51 60.22

BPL FAMILY % 59.2 62.7

NO. OF BLOCK 10 13

Source:-Census report of 2011 & www.nrega.nic.in

Two districts Khordha and Kalahandi will be selected on the basis of there distance from state
headquarter ,level of education and phases of implementation of MGNREGA programme.
From these two districts one Block from each district will be selected on the basis of highest
expenditure in MGNREGA programme(FY 2016-17) .
And from each selected villages 20 participants and10 non participants(not working under
MGNREGA), sum total of 10*30=300 households will be identified for collecting primary
data.
 DATA COLLECTION AND REARCH TOOLS
To fulfil objectives of the study both primary and secondary data will be collected from the
selected sample households.
Interview scheduled, voice recorder will be used for an empirical and intensive study of the
project.
 LIMITATIONS
In the state of Odisha there is notable heterogeneity between districts in respect of
agricultural characteristics, soil types ,irrigation facilility, labour demand and supply
,wage rate, availability of other works.

So as the implementation issues & challenges of MGNREGA varied across districts and
the study of two districts may or may not similar with others.

DATA ANALYSIS
The proposed study will use statistical techniques like standard deviation, correlation,
scaling to find out the per capita income ,socio economic status, correlation between
participant and non participant MGNREGA households ,degree of awareness among the
rural wage labourers.

ETHICAL STANDARDS TO BE FOLLOWED

In the process of the study i will try my best to conduct the research with objectivity
,transparency in the process of data collection, processing and analysing the data.
 EXPECTED OUTCOMES

From the literature review and available data we may conclude as follows,
Actual poor wage labourers in rural areas are not benefitted from MGNREGA programme.
The so called middle men and,Govt. Functionaries, political members are playing a vital role
in the process of MGNREGA work for getting profit out of it.
Due to lack of awareness ,labourers participation in the process of implementation of
MGNREGA is very poor.
Transparency ,proper social audit, wide spread awareness programme ,stringent punishment
for unlawful action will solve all the problems in MGNREGA programme and assured more
social security through more employment generation for poor wage labourers in rural India.
 REFERENCE

1. Bebarta Kumar Prabeena(2013)Impact of MGNREGA in lives of tribal people:a study of Rayagada

Block of Gjapati District,p no. 62-66,Feb.-March 2013.
2. Bipul and Sebak(2013),Implementation of MGNREGA in rural West Bengal: A case study of
Sonamukhi Block, Bankura district, Asian journal of multidimensional research,vol-2,issue 6,june 2013
3. CAG (2007 &2009),Draft performance Audit of implementation of NREGA,Office of the principal
Director of Audit, Economic and service Ministeries ,New Delhi.
4. Chakravarty Anupam Tewari(2010) After Modi sniffs corruption in NREGA,Delhi flags State
dossier,Indian Express ,Ahmedabad,pp 1,2,july.27.2010.
5. Chaarlas L J and Velmurugan J M(2012)in MGNREGA:ISSUES AND CHALLENGES,International
jurnal of Physical and social science,vol. 2,issue 6,ISSN. 2249-5894.
6. Gupta S K and Ahmad Fearooz(2015),Asset creation under MGNREGA, International Jounal of
Management,ITand Engereering,vol. 5,issue 1,pp 275-283.
7. Hiral Dave (2010), NREGA loot;Dead men walking as ghost workers,Indian Express ,Ahmedabad
Editor,p. no 3, Nov.16.2016.
8. Operational Guideline of MGNREGA (2013),4th edition ,MoRD,Govt. Of India.
9. Shah V.D , Makwana Manish (2011),on The impact of NREGA on the wage rates ,food security and
rural urban migration in Gujurat,Agro-Economic centre,Sardar Patel University,Vallabh Vidya nagar-
388120,Gujurat,May 2011.
10. Vanik Anish(2008)NREGA and the death of Tapas Soren,Economic political weekly,Vol XLIII,No-
17,PP 33-39,2 May,2009.
11. Web search(Google on 10.102017),Gupta Akask and Gahlwat (2012)Social security and MGNREGA.
12. Web site of nrega.nic.in.