Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

(CoSc4142)
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DILLA UNIVERSITY
DILLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
SCHOOL OF COMPUTING

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION TO AI

The course textbook (Russell/Norvig) advocates "acting rationally"

 Topics we will cover
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Introduction to AI
Objectives/Goals of AI

What is AI?

Approaches to AI making computer:

Think like a human ( Thinking humanly)

Act like a human (Acting humanly)

Think rationally (Thinking rationally)

Act rationally (Acting rationally)

The Foundations of AI
Bits of History and the State of the Art
 What is AI?
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Artificial Intelligence (AI):

AI is one of the newest sciences.
AI is the study of intelligent behavior and

AI is also concerned with the implementation of

a computer program which exhibits intelligent
behavior.
Intelligence
Intelligence is the capability of observing, learning,
remembering & reasoning.
AI attempts to develop intelligent agents.
 What is AI?
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Approaches to AI making computer

Views of AI fall into four categories:

Thinking humanly Thinking rationally

Acting humanly Acting rationally

A human-centered approach must be an empirical

science, involving hypothesis and experimental
confirmation.
A rationalist approach involves a combination of
mathematics and engineering.
The course textbook (Russell/Norvig) advocates "acting rationally"
 Acting humanly: Turing Test
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Making a computer act like a human being.
Turing (1950) "Computing machinery and intelligence":
"Can machines behave intelligently?"
Operational test for intelligent behavior: the Imitation Game.

Turing Test: Operational test for intelligent behavior.

Suggested major components of AI: knowledge,
reasoning, language understanding, learning.
 Thinking humanly: cognitive modeling
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Making a computer think like a human being.
Requires scientific theories of internal activities of the brain.
There are two ways to do this:
Through introspection and,
Through psychological experiments.
How to validate theories? Requires:
1) Predicting and testing behavior of human subjects.
(top-down)
2) Direct identification from neurological data.
(bottom-up)
Both approaches (roughly, Cognitive Science and Cognitive
Neuroscience) are now distinct from AI.
 Thinking rationally: logical thought
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Making a computer think rationally

Use the laws of logic to determine computers reasoning.
A system is rational if it thinks the right thing through correct
reasoning.
Aristotle: provided the correct arguments/ thought structures that
always gave correct conclusions given correct premises.
Abebe is a man; all men are mortal; therefore Abebe is mortal

These Laws of thought governed the operation of the mind

and initiated the field of Logic.
Problem:
Not all intelligent behavior is determined by logical
deliberation (e.g. taking your hand out of a fire)
It is not easy to take informal knowledge.

Also formal logic in unable to handle uncertain knowledge.

 Acting rationally: rational agent
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Making a computer act rationally

Rational behavior: doing the right thing.
The right thing: that which is expected to maximize goal
achievement, given the available information.
Doesn't necessarily involve thinking e.g., blinking reflex but
thinking should be in the service of rational action.
Doing the right thing so as to achieve ones goal, given ones
beliefs.
AI is the study and construction of rational agents (an agent that
perceives and acts).
This is the focus of this course

The course textbook (Russell/Norvig) advocates "acting rationally"

 Rational agents
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An agent is an entity that perceives and

acts.
This course is about designing rational
agents.

Abstractly, an agent is a function from

percept histories to actions:
[f: P* A]
A percept is a piece of information perceived by
the agent.
 The Foundations of AI
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Philosophy (428 B . C .-present)

Can formal rules be used to draw valid conclusions?
How does the mental mind arise from a physical brain?

Where does knowledge come from?

How does knowledge lead to action?

 The Foundations of AI
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Mathematics (800 - present)

What are the formal rules to draw valid conclusions?
What can be computed?

How do we reason with uncertain information?

Economics (1776 - present)

How should we make decisions so as to maximize
payoff?
How should we do this when others may not go along?

How should we do this when the payoff may be far in

the future?
 The Foundations of AI
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Neuroscience (1861-present)
How do brains process information?
Psychology (1879-present)
How do humans and animals think and act?

Computer engineering (1940-present)

How can we build an efficient computer?

Control theory and Cybernetics (1948-present)

How can artifacts operate under their own control?

Linguistics (1957-present)
How does language relate to thought?
 The History of Artificial Intelligence
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(1943 - 1955) - The gestation of artificial intelligence.

- 1943: McCulloch & Pitts: Boolean circuit model of brain.
- 1949: Hebbian Learning: demonstrated a simple updating
rule for modifying the connection strengths between neurons.
- 1950: Turing's "Computing Machinery and Intelligence".
(1956) - The birth of artificial intelligence.
- The term "Artificial Intelligence" was first adopted.
(1950s) - A Time Of Optimism.
(1958) - LISP invented.
- LISP stands for List Processing.
- The most common AI programming language.
(1960s) - AI Discovers Computational Complexity.
 The History of Artificial Intelligence
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(1966 - 1973) -A dose of reality.

- AI discovers computational complexity.
-Neural network research almost disappears.

(1969 - 1979) - Early development of knowledge-based

systems (expert systems). The key to power?
(1980 - present) - AI becomes an industry .
(1986 - present) - Neural networks return to popularity.
(1987 - present) - AI becomes a science.
(1995 - present) - The emergence of intelligent agents.
 The State of the Art
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What can AI do today?

Autonomous planning and scheduling.

Game playing.

Autonomous control.

Diagnosis: Medical diagnosis programs.

Logistics Planning.

Robotics.

Language understanding and problem solving.

Any Question?