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BOG
CHRISTIAN
PRECIOUS
 Eating and Exercise Obesity

Obesityisamedicalconditioninwhich
excessbodyfathasaccumulatedtothe
extentthatitmayhaveanegativeeffecton
health.
People are generally considered obese when
their body mass index(BMI), a measurement
obtained by dividing a person's weight by the
square of the person's height, is
over 30 kg/m2
Obesity
Obesity
 Mortality

Obesity is one of the leading preventable causes of

death worldwide. A number of reviews have found
that mortality risk is lowest at a BMI of 2025 kg/m2
in non-smokers and at 2427 kg/m2 in current
smokers
On average, obesity reduces life expectancy by six to
seven years, a BMI of 3035 kg/m2 reduces life
expectancy by two to four years, while severe obesity
(BMI > 40 kg/m2) reduces life expectancy by
ten years.
 Trivia

In people with heart failure, those with a BMI

between 30.0 and 34.9 had lower mortality than
those with a normal weight. This has been attributed
to the fact that people often lose weight as they
become progressively more ill.
People with class I obesity and heart disease do not
have greater rates of further heart problems than
people of normal weight who also have heart disease.
 Causes

At an individual level, a combination of excessive food

energy intake and a lack of physical activity is thought
to explain most cases of obesity.
A limited number of cases are due primarily to genetics,
medical reasons, or psychiatric illness (Binge eating
disorder).
Binge eating disorder (BED) is an eating
disorder characterized by frequent and recurrent binge
eating episodes with associated negative psychological
and social problems, but without subsequent purging
episodes
 Other Causes

Insufficient sleep
Endocrine disruptors (environmental pollutants that
interfere with lipid metabolism)
Decreased variability in ambient temperature
Decreased rates of smoking (because smoking
suppresses appetite)
Increased use of medications that can cause weight
gain
 Other Causes

Proportional increases in ethnic and age groups that

tend to be heavier
Pregnancy at a later age (which may cause
susceptibility to obesity in children)
Epigenetic risk factors passed on generationally
Natural selection for higher BMI
Assortative mating leading to increased
concentration of obesity risk factors
Rigorous High Energy Exercise
 Rigorous High Energy Exercise

Swimming (653 calories per hour)

Cycling (508 calories per hour)
Jogging (435 calories per hour)
Weight Training (363 calories per hour)
 Trivia

Most of fat is breathed out as carbon dioxide

-Excess carbohydrates and proteins are converted
into chemical compounds called triglycerides (which
consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen) and then
stored in the lipid droplets of fat cells. To lose
weight, youre attempting to metabolize those
triglycerides, and that means unlocking the carbon
thats stored in your fat cells.
 Trivia

Losing 10 kilograms of human fat requires the

inhalation of 29 kilograms of oxygen, producing 28
kilograms of carbon dioxide and 11 kilograms of
water. Thats the metabolic fate of fat.
Caffeine
 Caffeine

Caffeine is a central nervous

system (CNS) stimulant of the methylxanthineclass.
The most well known source of caffeine is the coffee
bean, a misnomer for the seed of Coffee plants.
Beverages containing caffeine are ingested to relieve
or prevent drowsiness and to improve performance.
 Caffeine

At normal doses, caffeine has variable effects on

learning and memory, but it generally
improves reaction time, wakefulness, concentration,
and motor coordination .The amount of caffeine
needed to produce these effects varies from person to
person, depending on body size and degree of
tolerance.
 Caffeine

Moderate doses of caffeine (around 5 mg/kg) can

improve sprint performance, cycling and running
time trial performance, endurance (i.e., it delays the
onset of muscle fatigue and central fatigue),and
cycling power output.
 Overdose

Consumption of 11.5 grams per day is associated

with a condition known as caffeinism.
Caffeinism usually combines
caffeine dependency with a wide range of unpleasant
symptoms including nervousness, irritability,
restlessness, insomnia, headaches, and palpitations
after caffeine use.
 Overdose

Caffeine overdose can result in a state of central

nervous system over-stimulation called caffeine
intoxication.
This syndrome typically occurs only after ingestion
of large amounts of caffeine, well over the amounts
found in typical caffeinated beverages and caffeine
tablets (e.g., more than 400500 mg at a time).
 Overdose

The symptoms of caffeine intoxication are

comparable to the symptoms of overdoses of
other stimulants: they may include restlessness,
fidgeting, anxiety, excitement, insomnia, flushing of
the face, increased urination, gastrointestinal
disturbance, muscle twitching, a rambling flow of
thought and speech, irritability, irregular or rapid
heart beat, and psychomotor agitation.
 Overdose

In cases of much larger overdoses,

mania, depression, lapses in
judgment, disorientation, disinhibition, delusions,
hallucinations, or psychosis may occur, and
rhabdomyolysis (breakdown of skeletal muscle
tissue) can be provoked.
Massive overdose can result in death.
 Special Diets

In nutrition, diet is the sum of food consumed

by a person or other organism.
 Low Fat Diet

Low-fat diets involve the reduction of the percentage

of fat in one's diet. Calorie consumption is reduced
because less fat is consumed.
A low-fat diet is one that restricts fat and
often saturated fat and cholesterol as well. Low-fat
diets are intended to reduce diseases such as heart
disease and obesity.
 Low Carbohydrate Diet

Low-carbohydrate diets or low-carb diets are

dietary programs that restrict carbohydrate consumption,
often for the treatment of obesity or diabetes. Foods high
in easily digestible carbohydrates
(e.g., sugar, bread, pasta) are limited or replaced with
foods containing a higher percentage of fats and
moderate protein (e.g., meat, poultry, fish,) and other
foods low in carbohydrates (e.g., most salad vegetables),
although other vegetables and fruits (especially berries)
are often allowed. The amount of carbohydrate allowed
varies with different low-carbohydrate diets.
 Calorie restriction

Calorie restriction, or caloric restriction,

or energy restriction, is a dietary regimen that
reduces calorie intake without
incurring malnutrition or a reduction in essential
nutrients.
Calorie restriction without malnutrition has been
shown to slow the biological aging process, resulting
in longer maintenance of youthful health and an
increase in both median and maximum lifespan.
 Very low calorie diet

Very low calorie diet (VLCD) is a diet with very or

extremely low daily food energy consumption. It is
defined as a diet of 800 kilocalories (3,300 kJ) per day
or less. VLCDs are formulated, nutritionally complete,
liquid meals containing 800 kilocalories or less per
day
VLCD is very effective in promoting substantial weight
loss in obese patients with Type 2 diabetes. Moreover,
a VLCD increases insulin sensitivity.