FLUID FLOW

IDEAL FLUID
BERNOULLI'S PRINCIPLE
How can a plane fly?
How does a perfume spray work?
What is the venturi effect?
Why does a cricket ball swing or a baseball curve?

web notes: lect6.ppt flow3.pdf

 Daniel Bernoulli (1700 1782)

Floating ball
 A1 A1
A2

v2 v1
v1
Low speed high speed Low speed
Low KE high KE Low KE
High pressure low pressure High pressure
 p large p large

p small

v small v large v small

In a serve storm how does a house loose its roof?
Air flow is disturbed by the house. The "streamlines" crowd around the top
of the roof faster flow above house reduced pressure above roof
than inside the house room lifted off because of pressure difference.

Why do rabbits not suffocate in the burrows?

Air must circulate. The burrows must have two entrances. Air flows across
the two holes is usually slightly different slight pressure difference
forces flow of air through burrow.
One hole is usually higher than the other and the a small mound is built
around the holes to increase the pressure difference.

Why do racing cars wear skirts?

VENTURI EFFECT

low pressure velocity increased

high
pressure decreased
pressure
(patm)
 force

high speed
low pressure

force

What happens when two ships or trucks pass alongside each other?
Have you noticed this effect in driving across the Sydney Harbour Bridge?
 artery

Flow speeds up at External forces causes

constriction artery to collapse
Pressure is lower
Internal force acting on
artery wall is reduced

Arteriosclerosis and vascular flutter

Y x2 p2

m A2
v2
X

time 2

p1 x1
y2
A1 m
v1

y1 time 1
Bernoullis Equation

for any point along a flow tube or streamline

p + v2 + g y = constant
Dimensions
p [Pa] = [N.m-2] = [N.m.m-3] = [J.m-3]

v2 [kg.m-3.m2.s-2] = [kg.m-1.s-2] = [N.m.m-3] = [J.m-3]

gh [kg.m-3 m.s-2. m] = [kg.m.s-2.m.m-3] = [N.m.m-3] = [J.m-3]

Each term has the dimensions of energy / volume or energy density.

v2 KE of bulk motion of fluid

gh GPE for location of fluid

p pressure energy density arising from internal forces within

moving fluid (similar to energy stored in a spring)
Y x2 p2

m A2
v2
X

time 2

p1 x1
y2
A1 m
v1

y1 time 1
 Derivation of Bernoulli's equation
Mass element m moves from (1) to (2)

m = A1 x1 = A2 x2 = V where V = A1 x1 = A2 x2

Equation of continuity A V = constant

A1 v1 = A2 v2 A1 > A2 v1 < v2

Since v1 < v2 the mass element has been accelerated by the net force

F1 F2 = p1 A1 p2 A2
Conservation of energy

A pressurized fluid must contain energy by the virtue that work must
be done to establish the pressure.

A fluid that undergoes a pressure change undergoes an energy

change.
K = m v22 - m v12 = V v22 - V v12

U = m g y2 m g y1 = V g y2 = V g y1

Wnet = F1 x1 F2 x2 = p1 A1 x1 p2 A2 x2

Wnet = p1 V p2 V = K + U

p1 V p2 V =
V v22 - V v12 + V g y2 - V g y1

Rearranging

p1 + v12 + g y1 = p2 + v22 + g y2

Applies only to an ideal fluid (zero viscosity)

Ideal fluid

Real fluid
 Flow of a liquid from a hole at the bottom of a tank

(1) Point on surface of liquid

y1

v2 = ? m.s-1

y2
(2) Point just outside hole
Assume liquid behaves as an ideal fluid and that Bernoulli's
equation can be applied

p1 + v12 + g y1 = p2 + v22 + g y2

A small hole is at level (2) and the water level at (1) drops
slowly v1 = 0

p1 = patm p2 = patm

g y1 = v22 + g y2

v22 = 2 g (y1 y2) = 2 g h h = (y1 - y2)

v2 = (2 g h) Torricelli formula (1608 1647)

This is the same velocity as a particle falling freely through a

height h
How do you measure the speed of flow for a fluid?

(1)

(2)

v1 = F
?

m
Assume liquid behaves as an ideal fluid and that Bernoulli's equation
can be applied for the flow along a streamline

p1 + v 1 2 + g y 1 = p2 + v 2 2 + g y 2

y1 = y2

p1 p2 = F (v22 - v12)

p1 - p2 = m g h

A1 v1 = A2 v2 v2 = v1 (A1 / A2)

m g h = F { v12 (A1 / A2)2- v12 } = F v12 {(A1 / A2)2 - 1}

2 g h m
v1
A 2
F 1 1
A2
 C

A yC

B yA

yB
D
How does a siphon
work?

How fast does the

liquid
come out?
Assume that the liquid behaves as an ideal fluid and that
both the equation of continuity and Bernoulli's equation can
be used.
Heights: yD = 0 yB yA yC
Pressures: pA = patm = pD

Consider a point A on the surface of the liquid in the

container and the outlet point D.
Apply Bernoulli's principle to these points
Now consider the points C and D and apply Bernoulli's
principle to these points

From equation of continuity vC = vD

The pressure at point C can not be negative

pA + vA2 + g yA = pD + vD2 + g yD

vD2 = 2 (pA pD) / + vA2 + 2 g (yA - yD)

pA pD = 0 yD = 0 assume vA2 << vD2

vD = (2 g yA )
 pC + vC2 + g yC = pD + vD2 + g yD
vC = vD
pC = pD + g (yD - yC) = patm + g (yD - yC)

The pressure at point C can not be negative

pC 0 and yD = 0

pC = patm - g yC 0 yC patm / ( g)

For a water siphon

patm ~ 105 Pa g ~ 10 m.s-1 ~ 103 kg.m-3

yC 105 / {(10)(103)} m

yC 10 m
A large artery in a dog has an inner radius of 4.0010-3 m. Blood flows
through the artery at the rate of 1.0010-6 m3.s-1. The blood has a
viscosity of 2.08410-3 Pa.s and a density of 1.06103 kg.m-3.

Calculate:
(i) The average blood velocity in the artery.
(ii) The pressure drop in a 0.100 m segment of the artery.
(iii) The Reynolds number for the blood flow.

Briefly discuss each of the following:

(iv) The velocity profile across the artery (diagram may be helpful).
(v) The pressure drop along the segment of the artery.
(vi) The significance of the value of the Reynolds number calculated in
part (iii).

Semester 1, 2004 Exam question

Solution

radius R = 4.0010-3 m

volume flow rate Q = 1.0010-6 m3.s-1

viscosity of blood = 2.08410-3 Pa.s

density of blood = 1.06010-3 kg.m-3

(i) Equation of continuity: Q = A v

A = R2 = (4.0010-3)2 = 5.0310-5 m2

v = Q / A = 1.0010-6 / 5.0310-5 m.s-1 = 1.9910-2 m.s-1

(ii) Poiseuilles Equation

Q = P R4 / (8 L) L = 0.100 m

P = 8 L Q / ( R4)

P = (8)(2.08410-3)(0.1)(1.0010-6) / {()(4.0010-3)4} Pa
P = 2.07 Pa

(iii) Reynolds Number

Re = v L / where L = 2 R (diameter of artery)
Re = (1.060103)(1.9910-2)(2)(4.0010-3) / (2.08410-3)
Re = 81
use diameter not length
(iv) Parabolic velocity profile: velocity of blood zero at sides of artery

(v) Viscosity internal friction energy dissipated as thermal energy

pressure drop along artery

(vi) Re very small laminar flow (Re < 2000)

Flow of a viscous newtonain fluid through a pipe

Velocity Profile

Cohesive forces
between molecules
layers of fluid slide past
each other generating
frictional forces
energy dissipated (like Parabolic velocity
rubbing hands together) profile

Adhesive forces between fluid and surface fluid

stationary at surface