Basic of heat transfer

Chapter 1
 Pendahuluan (Introduction)
Heat transfer is a science that deals with the
rate of heat transfer. So the aim of this course
is to calculate the RATE of heat transfer due to
a finite temperature difference (T).
When studying any science, the first step is to
learn about some definitions, basic concepts
and fundamental relations
MEKANISME PERPINDAHAN KALOR
KONDUKSI ( CONDUCTION)
KONVEKSI ( CONVECTION)
RADIASI ( RADIATION)
KONDUKSI ( CONDUCTION)
FOURIER LAW ( HUKUM FOURIER)
KONDUKTIVITAS TERMAL BAHAN
Example : conduction
The roof of an electrically heated home is 6 m long, 8
m wide and 0,25 m thick and is made of a flat layer
of concrete whose thermal conductivity is k = 0,8
W/m0c. On certain winter night the tmperature of
the inner and outer surface of the roof are measure
to be about 150c and 40c respectively gor a periode
of 10 hours. Determine :
a. the rate of heat loss through the roof that night
b. The cost of that heat loss to the home owner it the
cost of electricity is $0,08/kWh
 KONVEKSI ( CONVECTION)
PERPINDAHAN ENERGI (KALOR ) OLEH GERAKAN MASSA
PADA FLUIDA DARI SATU DAERAH RUANG KEDAERAH
LAINNYA.

Atau :
Heat transfer between a solid surface and a moving fluid (liquid
or gas).
It is a combination of conduction and bulk fluid motion:
Random motion of fluid molecules Conduction
Energy transfer because of bulk motion of fluid Advection
MEKANISME :
Perpindahan energi sebagai akibat
pergerakan molekuler acak (difusi)
Dominan pada daerah dekat
permukaan/pada kecepatan fluida rendah

Perpindahan energi sebagai akibat

pergerakan secara makrokopis dari fluida
Penekanan : konveksi antara fluida
bergerak dan batas permukaan
( T Ts )
 Velocity and Temperature Distribution in a Flow

Notes
Often, it is what is happening at the wall that is of interest
No-Slip / zero velocity at the wall
Velocity profile increases from zero at the wall to the mean flow velocity in the far field
Temperature varies from the wall temperature to the far field temperature
Heat transfer by pure conduction only happens at solid surface, and Fouriers Law can
be applied there
Konveksi terjadi :
Konveksi paksa : Aliran fluida disebabkan
oleh energi dari luar
Contoh : fan, pompa,
compressor dan angin

Konveksi Bebas : aliran fluida disebabkan gaya

buoyancy dalam fluida
Contoh : perbedaan suhu, perbedaan
massa jenis, gerakan fluida
Example : convection
A 2m long ,0,3cm diameter electrical wire extends
across a room at 15 c. Heat is generated in the wire
as a result of resistance heating,and the surface
temperature of the wire is measured to be 125 c in
steady operation. Also the voltage drop and electric
current through the wire are measured to be 60 V
and 1,5 A respectively.Disregarding any heat transfer
by radiation,determine the convection heat transfer
coefficient
 Rate of heat >> Q=V.I = 60.1,5 = 90 Watt
The surface area >>> A = 3,14.D.L
= 3,14.0,003.2 = 0,01884 m
 RADIASI ( RADIATION)
Radiasi thermal :
Energi yang diemisikan oleh benda yang berada
pada temperatur hingga
Ditandai oleh perubahan konfigurasi elektron dari
atom/molekul
Energi ditransformasikan oleh gelombang
elektromagnetik yang berasal dari energi dalam
material yang memancar
Dapat terjadi pada ruang hampa
 Pertukaran radiasi antara
permukaan dengan sekelilingnya
 Radiation
For an ideal radiator, or blackbody:

qemitted Eb sTs4 Stefan-Boltzmann law

where Ts is the absolute temperature of the surface (K) and s is the Stefan-
Boltzmann constant, (s = 5.67x10-8 W/m2.K4)
For a real surface:
"
qemitted E esTs4 e is the emissivity 0 e 1
The irradiation G, originating from the surroundings is:

"
qincident G sTsur
4 is the absorptivity 0 a 1
For a grey surface, =e

Chapter 1 Chee 318 16

 The net radiation heat transfer from the surface, per
unit area is

Qradiasi : esA(T Ts
4 4
surr )

dim ana :
Qradiasi laju perpindaha n panas radiasi (Watt )
e Emisivitas permukaan ( sifat radiatif permukaan)
s kons tan ta Stefan Boltzman ( 5,67 x10 8 W / m 2 K 4 )
A Luas permukaanbenda
Ts Suhu permukaan benda
Tsur Suhu surroundin g ( sekliling )
 The net radiation heat exchange can be also expressed in the
form:

qrad hr A(Ts Tsur ) where hr es(Ts Tsur )(Ts2 Tsur

2
)
 Example (radiation)
Consider a person standing in a room at 23C. Determine the
total rate of heat transfer from this person if the exposed
surface area and the skin temperature of the person are 1.7
m2 and 32C, respectively, and the convection heat transfer
coefficient is 5 W/m2.C. Take the emissivity of the skin and
the clothes to be 0.9, and assume the temperature of the
inner surface of the room to be the same as the air
temperature.
Consider a person standing in a room maintained at 22o C at
all time. The inner surface of the wall, floors and the ceiling
of the house are observed to be at an average temperature of
10 oC in winter and 25o C in summer. Determine the rate of
radiation heat transfer between this person and the
surrounding surface area and the average outer temperature
of the person are 1.4 m2 and 300 C, respectively.
Tabel emisifitas