Statistics Idiots Guide!

Dr. Hamda Qotba, B.Med.Sc,

M.D, ABCM
 Definition
Statistics is the science of collecting,
organizing, summarising, analysing,
and making inference from data

Descriptive stat. Includes Inferential stat. Includes

collecting, organizing, Making inferences,
summarising, analysing, hypothesis testing
and presenting data Determining relationship,
and making prediction

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 Variables

Quantitative Qualitative
Discrete Ordinal
Continuous Categorical

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 Parametric Vs.
non parametric tests

Parametric: decision making method

where the distribution of the
sampling statistic is known
Non-Parametric: decision making
method which does not require
knowledge of the distribution of the
sampling statistic
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 t-Test
Compare the means of a continuous
variable into samples in order to
determine whether or not the
difference between the 2 expected
means exceed the difference that
would be expected by chance

What is probability the mean will differ?

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 Requirements

The observations are independent

Drawn from normally distributed
population
Sample size < 30 if its >30 use
normal curve z test (binomial test)

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 Types of t-Test
One sample t test: test if a sample mean
for a variable differs significantly from the
given population with a known mean

Unpaired or independent t test: test if the

population means estimated by
independent 2 samples differ significantly
(group of male and group of female)

Paired t test: test if the population means

estimated by dependent samples differ
significantly (mean of pre and post
treatment for sameDr.H.Qotba
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 chi test

Used to test strength of association

between qualitative variables
Used for categorical data

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 Requirements
Data should be in form of frequency
Total number of observed must exceed 20
Expected frequency in one category or in
any cell must be >5 (When 1 of the cells have <5
in observed yats correction) or if (When 1 of the cells
have <5 in expected fischer exact)
The group compared must be
approximately the same

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Correlation and Regression

Methods to study magnitude of the

association and the functional
relationship between two or more
variables

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 Correlation
Denote strength of relationship between variables

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 Regression

Method thats indicate a mathematical

relationship between a dependant and
one or more independent variables
Simple linear regression and multiple
regression are appropriate for
continuous variables like(BP, Weight)
Logistic regression applicable for
binary response like alive/dead

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 Measures
If parametric
Pearson correlation coeff.
Continuous variables
Linear relationship
If nonparametric
Spearman rank
Both variables are continuous

Kendalls tau
Two ordinal or one ordinal one
continuous
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 ANOVA

is used to uncover the main and

interaction effects of categorical
independent variables (called "factors")
on an interval dependent variable

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 Types of ANOVA

One-way ANOVA tests differences in

a single interval dependent variable
among two, three, or more groups
formed by the categories of a single
categorical independent variable.

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 Two-way ANOVA analyzes one interval
dependent in terms of the categories
(groups) formed by two independents,
one of which may be conceived as a
control variable
Multivariate or n-way ANOVA. To
generalize, n-way ANOVA deals with n
independents. It should be noted that as
the number of independents increases,
the number of potential interactions
proliferates
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 How to select appropriate
statistical test
Type of variables
Quantitative (blood pres.)
Qualitative (gender)
Type of research question
Association
Comparison
Risk factor
Data structure
Independent
Paired
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 Body of research question
Association of 2 variable(dep, indep)
Types of variable Test
Dependent independent
categorical categorical chi-square

categorical Quantitative Log. regression

Quantitative categorical 2 out come T test

3+out come ANOVA
Quantitative Quantitative Spearman Correlation
linear Regression
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 Comparing (difference) variables
Variable Number of independent variable
2 groups paired data >2groups
Quantitative T test Paired T test ANOVA

Ordinal Mann- Wilcoxon Kruskal

Whitney wallis
Categorical chi-square* McNemar chi-square

* When 1 of the cells have <5 in expected fischer exact

When 1 of the cells have <5 in observed yats correction
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 Looking for Risk Factor
Types of variables Test
Dependent several indepen.
categorical categorical Multiple log.
Regression
quantitative categorical ANOVA

quantitative quantitative Linear, log

regression

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