Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Wall System
(Load bearing system) Skeletal frame system
Joints
between
components
Skeletal Structures
Vertical load
Lateral
load
Unstable frame
Stable frame
Unstable frame
Pinned base
Rigid base
Methods to stabilize the structure:
Introduce rigid beam-to-column connections
Column-to-base connection can be pinned or rigid
Frame Stability
Pinned
connections
Unstable frame
Load Strength
Deformation
Unbraced Frame Action
Pinned connection
Unbraced frame
with pinned
beam-to-column
connections
Rigid connection
Cantilever column:
Low-rise skeleton structures are
normally stabilized through the
cantilever action of the columns.
Frame Action - Cantilever column
Criteria for unbraced frames with cantilevered columns
Beam-to-column connections are assumed
as pinned.
Any partial restraints provided by
the beam-to-column connections, walls
or spandrel panels are ignored.
Column-to-base connections are fixed.
The precast columns are fixed into the
foundations with moment-resisting
connections. As a result, columns can
be analyzed and designed as cantilevers
Rigid base
Frame Action - Cantilever column
Continuous
columns
Fixed bases
STABILISING METHODS
SWAY
DIAPHRAGM REACTIONS IN
BRACED PART
STABILISING METHODS
DIAPHRAGM
NO MOMENT TRANSFER
Frame Action - Cantilever column
Analysis of lateral
loads for unbraced Rigid
Equivalent
diaphragm Equivalent
frames with point loads point loads
acting on on columns 1,2 and 3.
cantilever columns: building
The distribution of F3
1 2 3
proportional to q =
2
the second 3kN/m
1 1
3.5m 4.05m
moment area of G.L
Section
columns will be 1-1
x x x
equally loaded VIEW B
horizontally.
Frame Action - Cantilever column
Limitation:
The maximum height of an unbraced frame with
cantilever action is 10m (i.e. up to about 3 storeys).
Cantilever columns are designed using effective
length factor of 2.3, hence larger columns.
Advantages:
No bracing
Pinned beam-to-column connections simple to
construct.
Columns are manufactured in a single length,
column splices are not required.
Frame Action
Moment Resistance Frame
System
Frame Action Moment Resistance Frame
Typical example of
unbraced precast
frame with rigid
beam-to-column
connections
Frame Action - Moment Resistance Frame
Example of rigid
beam-to-column
connection
Frame Action
Moment Resistance Frame
Other examples of
rigid frames
Beam Column Joint
welding
43
44
45
Frame Action - Moment Resistance Frame
2nd floor
5 [8] 6
3500 [3] [4] 3500
1st floor
3 4
[7]
4000 4000
[1] [2]
Ground floor
1250 1250
1 2
9500 9500
All dimensions are
in mm 2D plane frame model
Frame Action - Moment Resistance Frame
14.58 kN
4000
1250
9500
Frame Action - Moment Resistance Frame
306.9
109.44 170.96
Y
194.7
166.01 210.65 4
3
57.3 158 X
223.3
368.7
299.7
10.2 117.1 1
BENDING MOMENT (kNm)
Load case 2:
1.2Gk + 1.2Qk + 1.2W k
Frame Action Moment Resistance Frame
Limitation:
Rigid beam-to-column connections,
difficult to construct.
Rigid base foundation should be
designed considering the moment.
Advantages:
No bracing such as shear walls or cores.
Suitable for low rise frames.
Suitable for buildings in seismic regions.
Frames with Independent
Lateral Stability System
Independent lateral stability system
FRAME MODEL:
1. Pinned beam-
to-column
connections.
2. Rigid base.
Shear
wall
Shear
wall
Shear wall to resist
lateral loads
Shear wall model
Bending moment results
Shear force results
Column axial force results
Deflection results
To achieve stiffer
structures, rigid
beam-to-column
connections
combined with
bracing elements
may also be
employed.
Typical example of precast frame with pinned
beam-to-column connections stabilized against
lateral forces by shear wall bracing system.
Infill walls without
beam framing elements
No beams
between
columns
Infill shear
walls
Infill walls without
beam framing
elements
Wall-to-wall
connection
BRACING METHODS
DL 27.9kN/m IL 20.0kN/m
WL 20kN
DL 27.9kN/m IL 20.0kN/m
WL 20kN
Rigid column-to-base
connections
Partial shear wall
is placed at different Pinned beam-to-
storey. column connections
200
Location of 150
partial shear tingkat 1
100
wall that gives
the minimum 50 tingkat 2
tingkat 3 tingkat 5
tingkat 4
frame deflection
0
kedudukan dinding ricih
1200
anjakan maks (mm)
1000
tingkat 1
800
Location of tingkat 2
600
partial shear tingkat 9
wall that gives 400
tingkat 3 tingkat 8
tingkat 7
the minimum 200 tingkat 4 tingkat 6
frame deflection 0
tingkat 5
kedudukan dinding ricih
70.0
60.0
Simple Construction
50.0
Rigid Construction
Deflection (mm)
40.0
Node 33
30.0
3
3 3
m
20.0 7 3
4 m
6 4
m m
6 6
10.0 3
m m
6 6 m
m m
0.0
without slab with g slab with g & 1 slabs with g,1 & 2 slabs with g,1,2 & r slabs
No of floor slab