INDUCTION MOTOR

Classification of
AC Rotating Machines
Synchronous Machines:
Synchronous Generators: A primary source of
electrical energy
Synchronous Motors: Used as motors as well as power
factor compensators (synchronous condensers)

Asynchronous (Induction) Machines:

Induction Motors: Most widely used electrical motors
in both domestic and industrial applications.
Induction Generators: Due to lack of a separate field
excitation, these machines are rarely used as generators.
Three-phase induction motors are the most common
and frequently encountered machines in industry
Why
simple design, rugged, low-price.
wide range of power ratings: fractional horsepower
to 10 MW
run essentially as constant speed from no-load to
full load
High Power/Weight ratio compared to Dc motor
Lower Cost/Power
Easy to manufacture
Almost maintenance-free, except for bearing and
other mechanical parts
Disadvantages
Essentially a fixed-speed
machine
Speed is determined by the supply
frequency
To vary its speed need a variable
frequency supply
Its starting torque is somewhat
inferior to that of a d.c. shunt
motor
Applications
1-phase: washing machines, refrigerators,
blenders, juice mixers, stereo turntables, etc.

2phase: induction motors are used primarily as

servomotors in a control system.

3-phase: pumps, fans, compressors, paper mills,

textile mills, etc.
 Construction
An induction motor has two main parts
a stationary stator
consisting of a steel frame that supports a
hollow, cylindrical core
core, constructed from stacked laminations
(why?), having a number of evenly spaced slots,
providing the space for the stator winding
The 3-phase stator winding is wound for a definite
number of poles asper requirement of speed.
Greater the number of poles, lesser is the speed of
the motor and vice-versa.
 Rotor
a revolving rotor
composed of punched laminations, stacked
to create a series of rotor slots, providing
space for the rotor winding
one of two types of rotor windings
conventional 3-phase windings made of
insulated wire (wound-rotor) similar to
the winding on the stator
aluminum bus bars shorted together at the
ends by two aluminum rings, forming a
squirrel-cage shaped circuit (squirrel-cage)
Squirrel Cage Rotor
 SQUIRREL CAGE ROTOR
Almost 90% of IMs are squirrel type, because
this type of rotor has the simplest and most
rugged construction.
It is almost indestructible.
The rotor consists of a cylindrical laminated
core with parallel slots for carrying the rotor
conductors.
Rotor conductors are not wires but consists of
heavy bars of copper or aluminum or alloy.
One bar is placed in each slot. Two rings short
circuits the bars.Most of single phase
induction motors have Squirrel-Cage rotor 15
The rotor bars are brazen or electrically
welded or bolted to two heavy and stout short
circuiting end rings, thus giving a squirrel cage
appearance.

It should be noted that the rotor bars are

permanently short circuited on themselves.

Hence it is not possible to add any external

resistance in series with the rotor circuit for
starting purposes.
 .

The rotor slots are usually not parallel to the shaft

but are purposely given a slight skew.

This is useful in two ways

(a) It helps in reducing the locking tendency of the

rotor i.e. the tendency of the rotor teeth to
remain under the stator teeth due to direct
magnetic attraction between the two.

(b) It helps to make the motor run quietly by

reducing the magnetic hum.

EE503.21 17
 Phase wound rotor

b1b2b3=brushes S1S2S3=sliprings External star

connected
Fig.5 rheostat

EE503.21 19
 PHASE WOUND ROTOR or SLIP RING ROTOR

This type of rotor is provided with 3-

phase, distributed winding consisting of
coils.

The rotor is wound for as many poles as

the number of stator poles.

Rotor has a winding the same as stator

and the end of each phase is connected to
a slip ring
EE503.21 20
 Construction
Squirrel cage rotor

Wound rotor

Notice the
slip rings
Sl. Slip ring Squirrel cage
no
1 Rotor consists of 3 phase Consists of cu or Al bars
winding similar to stator winding shorted at the ends with help
of end rings
2 Resistance can be added Cannot be added
externally
3 Construction delicate due Robust and maintance free
brushes , frequent maintance is
required
4 Rotor must be wounded for same Rotor automatically adjusts
no of poles as stator itself for same no poles as
that of stator
5 Cu losses high, low efficiency Cu losses low, high
efficiency
Exploded view of an induction motor:
(1) motor case (frame)
(2) ball bearings
(3) bearing holders
(4) cooling fan
(5) fan housing
(6) connection box
(7) stator core
(8) stator winding (not visible)
(9) rotor
(10) rotor shaft.