CE 322

MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE
BODIES
Kristine May Maturan, CE
Cor Jesu College, Inc.

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 CHAPTER 1
TENSION, COMPRESSION, AND SHEAR

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NORMAL STRESS

o When the bar is stretched by the forces P,

the stresses are tensile stresses;
o If the bar is compressed, we obtain
compressive stresses.
o In as much as the stresses act in a direction
perpendicular to the cut surface, they are
called normal stresses. Thus, normal
stresses may be either tensile or Prismatic bar in tension:
compressive. (a) FBD of a bar segment

= (N/m2, lb/in2) (b) segment of the bar before

Sign convention: (+) tensile stress loading,
() compressive stress (c) segment of the bar after
loading, and
(d) normal stresses in the bar
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NORMAL STRAIN

o Strain, denoted by Greek letter , is the

elongation per unit length.

= (unit less)

o If the bar is in tension, the strain is called a

tensile strain, representing an elongation or
stretching of the material.
o If the bar is in compression, the strain is a Prismatic bar in tension:
compressive strain and the bar shortens. (a) FBD of a bar segment
(b) segment of the bar before
loading, and
(c) segment of the bar after
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SAMPLE PROBLEM 1

A short post constructed from a hollow

circular tube of aluminum supports a
compressive load of 26 kips. The inner and
outer diameters of the tube are d1 = 4.0 in.
and d2 = 4.5 in., respectively, and its length
is 16 in. The shortening of the post due to
the load is measured as 0.012 in.
Determine the compressive stress and
strain in the post. (Disregard the weight of
the post itself, and assume that the post
does not buckle under the load.)

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SOLUTION

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FIG. Tensile-test machine with automatic
data-processing system. (Courtesy of MTS
Systems Corporation) AY 2017 -2018 7
FIG. Rock sample being tested in
compression to obtain
compressive strength, elastic
modulus and Poissons ratio
(Courtesy of MTS Systems
Corporation)

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STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAMS

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STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAMS

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 STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAMS
PROPORTIONAL LIMIT (HOOKE'S LAW)

where:
k = E (Youngs Modulus of Elasticity)
Thus, E
ELASTIC LIMIT
It is the limit beyond which the material will no
longer go back to its original shape when the
load is removed, or it is the maximum stress
that may be developed such that there is no
permanent or residual deformation when the
load is entirely removed.

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 STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAMS

ELASTIC AND PLASTIC RANGES

The region in stress-strain diagram from O to P is
called the elastic range. The region from P to R is
called the plastic range.
YIELD POINT
Yield point is the point at which the material will
have an appreciable elongation or yielding without
any increase in load.
ULTIMATE STRENGTH
The maximum ordinate in the stress-strain diagram
is the ultimate strength or tensile strength.
RAPTURE STRENGTH
Rapture strength is the strength of the material at
rupture. This is also known as the breaking
strength. AY 2017 -2018 12
 STRESS-STRAIN DIAGRAMS
MODULUS OF RESILIENCE
It is the work done on a unit volume of material as the
force is gradually increased from O to P, in Nm/m3. This
may be calculated as the area under the stress-strain
curve from the origin O to up to the elastic limit E (the
shaded area in the figure). The resilience of the material
is its ability to absorb energy without creating a
permanent distortion.
MODULUS OF TOUGHNESS
It is the work done on a unit volume of material as the
force is gradually increased from O to R, in Nm/m3. This
may be calculated as the area under the entire stress-
strain curve (from O to R). The toughness of a material is
its ability to absorb energy without causing it to break.

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HOOKES LAW AND
POISSONS RATIO
o The linear relationship
between stress and strain for a
bar in simple tension or
compression is expressed by
the equation
= Hookes Law
Where:
= axial (normal) stress
E = constant of proportionality
known as modulus of
elasticity (often called as
Youngs modulus)
= axial strain

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HOOKES LAW AND
POISSONS RATIO

Axial elongation and lateral contraction of a

prismatic bar in tension: (a) bar before
loading, and (b) bar after loading. (The
deformations of the bar are highly
exaggerated.)

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 HOOKES LAW AND
POISSONS RATIO
o The lateral strain at any point
in a bar is proportional to the
axial strain at that same point if
the material is linearly elastic.
o The ratio of these strains is a
property of the material known
as Poissons ratio, (read as nu).

= =
Axial elongation and lateral contraction of a
prismatic bar in tension: (a) bar before
loading, and (b) bar after loading. (The The minus sign is inserted in the
deformations of the bar are highly equation to compensate for the fact
exaggerated.) that the lateral and axial strains
normally have opposite signs.
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SAMPLE PROBLEM 2

o A steel pipe of length L = 4.0 ft, outside diameter d2 = 6.0 in., and
inside diameter d1 = 4.5 in. is compressed by an axial force P = 140 k.
The material has modulus of elasticity E = 30,000 ksi and Poissons
ratio = 0.30. Determine the following quantities for the pipe:
(a) the shortening ,
(b) the lateral strain ,
(c) the increase d2 in the outer diameter and the increase d1 in the
inner diameter, and
(d) the increase t in the wall thickness.

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SOLUTION

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SAMPLE PROBLEM

A high-strength steel bar used in a large crane has diameter d =2.00 in as

shown. The steel has modulus of elasticity E =29 x106 psi and Poissons
ratio =0.29. Because of clearance requirements, the diameter of the
bar is limited to 2.001 in. when it is compressed by axial forces. What is
the largest compressive load Pmax that is permitted?

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SHEAR STRESSES

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SHEAR STRESSES

Definition: Shear stress is developed if the applied force is parallel to the

resisting area.

1. Single Shear
There is only one (1) plane of shear and the shear force is equal to
the total load transmitted.
2. Double Shear
There two (2) planes of shear and the shear forces is equal to one-
half of the total load transmitted.
3. Bearing Stress
Is developed when two separate bodies press against each other.
The bearing area is defined as the projected area of the bearing
surface.

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 SHEAR STRESSES

Figure. Bolted connection in which the bolt is loaded in double shear

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 SHEAR STRESSES

Figure. Bolted connection

in which the bolt is loaded
in single shear

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NORMAL STRESS

The resisting area is perpendicular to the applied force

P

A

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SHEARING STRESS

Forces are parallel to the area resisting the force

P

A

P

2A
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BEARING STRESS

Bearing stress is the contact pressure between the separate bodies.

Pb
b
Ab

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SAMPLE PROBLEM 3

A punch for making holes in steel plates is shown in the figure. Assume
that a punch having diameter d = 20 mm is used to punch a hole in an 8-
mm plate, as shown in the cross-sectional view. If a force P = 110 kN is
required to create the hole, what is the average shear stress in the plate
and the average compressive stress in the punch?

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A steel strut S serving as a brace for a boat hoist
transmits a compressive force P = 12 k to the deck
of a pier (Fig. a). The strut has a hollow square cross
SAMPLE PROBLEM 4
section with wall thickness t = 0.375 in. (Fig. b), and
the angle between the strut and the horizontal is
40. A pin through the strut transmits the
compressive force from the strut to two gussets G
that are welded to the base plate B. Four anchor
bolts fasten the base plate to the deck. The
diameter of the pin is dpin = 0.75 in., the thickness of
the gussets is tG = 0.625 in., the thickness of the
base plate is tB = 0.375 in., and the diameter of the
anchor bolts is dbolt = 0.50 in.
Determine the following stresses: (a) the bearing
stress between the strut, S and the pin, (b) the shear
stress in the pin, (c) the bearing stress between the
pin and the gussets, (d) the bearing stress between
the anchor bolts and the base plate, and (e) the
shear stress in the anchor bolts. (Disregard any
friction between the base plate and the deck.)
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 EQUALITY OF SHEAR STRESSES
ON PERPENDICULAR PLANES
o In summary, we have arrived at the
following general observations
regarding shear stresses acting on a
rectangular element:
1. Shear stresses on opposite (and
parallel) faces of an element are
equal in magnitude and opposite in
direction.
2. Shear stresses on adjacent (and
perpendicular) faces of an element
are equal in magnitude and have
directions such that both stresses
point toward, or both point away
from, the line of intersection of the
faces.
These observations were obtained for an element subjected only to shear stresses (no normal
stresses), as pictured in Figs. 1-27 and 1-28. This state of stress is called Pure Shear and is
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discussed later in greater detail (Section 3.5).
 SHEAR STRAIN
o Shear stresses acting on an element of material
are accompanied by SHEAR STRAINS. (Fig. a)
o As an aid in visualizing these strains, we note
that the shear stresses have no tendency to
elongate or shorten the element in the x, y,
and z directionsin other words, the lengths of
the sides of the element do not change. Instead,
the shear stresses produce a change in the
shape of the element (Fig. b)
o The angle is a measure of the DISTORTION,
or change in shape, of the element and is called
the SHEAR STRAIN. Because shear strain is an
angle, it is usually measured in degrees or
radians.

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SIGN CONVENTIONS FOR
SHEAR STRESSES AND STRAINS
The sign convention for shear
stresses is as follows:
A shear stress acting on a positive
face of an element is positive if it
acts in the positive direction of
one of the coordinate axes and
negative if it acts in the negative
direction of an axis. A shear stress
acting on a negative face of an
element is positive if it acts in the
negative direction of an axis and
negative if it acts in a positive
direction.
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The sign convention for shear
strains is as follows:
Shear strain in an element is
positive when the angle between
two positive faces (or two
negative faces) is reduced. The
strain is negative when the angle
between two positive (or two
negative) faces is increased.
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HOOKES LAW IN SHEAR

o Using shear stress-strain diagrams (that is, diagrams of shear stress

versus shear strain ). These diagrams are similar in shape to tension-
test diagrams ( versus ) for the same materials, although they differ
in magnitudes.
o HOOKES LAW IN SHEAR
=G
where:
G = shear modulus of elasticity (a.k.a. modulus of rigidity) (psi or Pa)
o The moduli of elasticity in tension and shear are related by the
following equation

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EXAMPLE

o An elastomeric bearing pad consisting of two steel plates bonded to a

chloroprene elastomer (an artificial rubber) is subjected to a shear
force V during a static loading test (see figure). The pad has dimensions
a = 125 mm and b = 240 mm, and the elastomer has thickness t = 50
mm. When the force V equals 12 kN, the top plate is found to have
displaced laterally 8.0 mm with respect to the bottom plate. What is
the shear modulus of elasticity G of the chloroprene?

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 ALLOWABLE STRESSES
AND ALLOWABLE LOADS

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FACTORS OF SAFETY

o The actual strength of a structure must exceed the required strength.

The ratio of the actual strength to the required strength is called the
factor of safety:

. . =

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ALLOWABLE STRESSES

o Applying a factor of safety with respect to the yield stress (or yield
strength), we obtain an allowable stress (or working stress) that must
not be exceeded anywhere in the structure. Thus,

=
. .

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ALLOWABLE LOADS

o Also called the permissible load or the safe load

o After the allowable stress has been established for a particular
material and structure, the allowable load on that structure can be
determined.
Allowable load = (Allowable stress)(Area)

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DESIGN FOR AXIAL LOADS
AND DIRECT SHEAR
o When ANALYSING a structure, the properties are given and the
response is to be determined. By the response of a structure, we mean
the stresses, strains, and deformations produced by the loads.
o When DESIGNING a structure, we must determine the properties of
the structure in order that the structure will support the loads and
perform its intended functions.

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SAMPLE PROBLEM 4
A horizontal beam AB with cross-sectional
dimensions b = 19 mm x h = 200 mm is
supported by an inclined strut CD and
carries a load P = 12 kN at joint B. The strut,
which consists of two bars each of thickness
5b/8, is connected to the beam by a bolt
passing through the three bars meeting at
joint C.
a) If the allowable shear stress in the bolt
is 90 MPa, what is the minimum
required diameter dmin of the bolt at C?
b) If the allowable bearing stress in the
bolt is 130 MPa, what is the minimum
required diameter dmin of the bolt at C?

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SAMPLE PROBLEM 5
A tie-down on the deck of a sailboat
consists of a bent bar bolted at both ends,
as shown in the figure. The diameter dB of
the bar is 6 mm, the diameter dW of the
washers is 22 mm, and the thickness t of
the fiberglass deck is 10 mm.
If the allowable shear stress in the
fiberglass is 2.1 MPa, and the allowable
bearing pressure between the washer and
the fiberglass is 3.8 MPa, what is the
allowable load Pallow on the tie-down?

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 SAMPLE PROBLEM 6
A special-purpose eye bolt of shank diameter
d = 12 mm passes through a hole in a steel
plate of thickness tp = 19 mm and is secured
by a nut with thickness t = 6 mm. The
hexagonal nut bears directly against the steel
plate. The radius of the circumscribed circle
for the hexagon is r = 10 mm. The tensile
forces in three cables attached to the eye bolt
are T1 = 3560 N, T2 = 2448 N, and T3 = 5524 N.
a) Find the resultant force acting on the eye
bolt.
b) Determine the average bearing stress b-avg
between the hexagonal nut on the eye bolt
and the plate.
c) Determine the average shear stress avg in
the nut and also the shear stress in the steel
plate.
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