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OFDM

method that encodes digital data


on multiple carriers.
special case of FDM technology
handles multipath effects at the
receiver.
OFDM principle
modulation and multiplexing is done in this
method
subcarriers are separated in such a way that
they are orthogonal to each other
these sub carriers are used to carry data
The data is divided into several parallel data
streams or channels, one for each subcarrier.
Orthogonality
the orthogonality of the sub carriers should
satisfy the following equations
Sub carriers
The sub carriers are expressed as
Sub carriers
The sum of sub carriers of OFDM signal is
expressed as
modulation
conventional OFDM uses Discrete Fourier
Transform for modulation purpose.
IFFT is used at the transmission
FFT is used at the receiver
this process is shown in the OFDM system
OFDM system
OFDM advantages
Efficient use of spectrum
It is resistant to frequency selective fading
eliminates ISI and ICI by using cyclic prefix
Using adequate channel coding and
interleaving one can recover symbols lost due
to the frequency selectivity of the channel.
Channel equalization becomes simple.
OFDM advantages
It is possible to use maximum likelihood
decoding with reasonable complexity.
OFDM is computationally efficient by using
FFT techniques to implement the modulation
and demodulation functions.
Is less sensitive to sample timing offsets than
single carrier systems are.
Provides good protection against co channel
interference and impulsive parasitic noise.
OFDM disadvantages
The OFDM signal has a noise like amplitude
with a very large dynamic range, therefore it
requires RF power amplifiers with a high peak
to average power ratio.
It is more sensitive to carrier frequency offset
and drift than single carrier systems are due to
leakage of the DFT.
Need for OWPDM
In conventional OFDM, modulation is done
using FFT and IFFT. They use rectangular
window which have large side lobes. Use of CP
results overhead.
Fourier transform is replaced with wavelet
transform which results high suppression of
side lobes. It also reduces ISI and ICI without
using cyclic prefix.
Wavelet packet Transform
The basis function is
(t) = (2t-n)h(n)
the orthonormality condition is
h[n]h[n-2m] = [m] and (-1)n h[n] =0
Dilation equation is
(t) = (2t-n)g[n]
Wavelet Based OFDM transmitter
Wavelet Based OFDM receiver
OWPDM advantages
high suppression of side lobes
reduces ICI and ISI without cyclic prefix
over AWGN and Rayleigh channel they offer
low SNR.
reduces overhead thus increasing bandwidth.
better flexible

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