What is Research

Definition
Conclusion of definition
What it makes important?
What three major components of research?
 Why do we need research?
General
In education
Example Research in Education
 How to do research
1. Identifying Research Problem
A researcher must discover and define not only a problem area, but also a
specific problem that he chooses to the study.

2. Constructing a Hypotheses
According to Tuckman (1978) in Mursid Saleh stated, Once a problem has
been identified, the researcher often employs the logical processes of
deduction induction to formulate an expectation of the outcome of the study.
In this constructiong hypothesis, a researcher should hypothesize the
relationship between the concepts identified in the problem. It means that
hypothesis is a temorary conclusion.
Null hypothesis
Null hypothesis is a formulated hypothesis from a theory which is doubted
in its reliability. Null hypothesis is stated in negative sentence.
Alternative hypothesis
Alternative hypothesis is a formulated hypothesis from a theory which is
considered reliable. Alternative hypothesis is stated in positive sentence.
(Sugiyono, 2015:135-136)
3. Reviewing The Literature
According to Prof. Januarius, review is not to summarize. Review should at least
contain 3 or 4 points, they are summary, analysis, evaluation and judgement.

4. Identifying and Labeling Variables

Based on Nunan (1992) in Mursid Saleh, independent variable is a variable which
affects others. In the other hand, dependent variable is a variable which is affected
by the independent variable.
In Sugiyono (2015:97), moderator variable is a variable which affects (strenghten or
weaken) the relationship between independent and dependent variable. For example
The Use of ERRQ Technique to Teach Reading Comprehension for Students
with Different Style Learning
Students with Different Style Learning is the moderator variable.
Based on Tuckman (1988) cited in Sugiyono (2015:98), An intervening variable is
that factor that theoritically affects the observed phenomenon but can not be seen,
measure, or manipulate. The different style learning is the interverning variable
because style is can not be seen, measure, and manipulate.
In Sugiyono (2015:99), control variable is a variable which is controlled or
constantly made in order to avoid the influence of other variables toward
independent and dependent variable.
Contructing operational definition
(Operationalizing variables means.....)
Manipulating and controling variables
Constructing a research design (Example of each
research)
Constructing questionnaires and interview
schedules. Picture of questionnaires and
interview.
Carrying out statistical analysis. (Picture in
General)
Using the computer for data analysis (SPSS,
Excel)
Writing a research report
Conducting classroom research
Conducting evaluation studies