GRAMMAR

Group 5
Nisa Faridah
Sahara Aida Alawiyah
Yustika Intan Pratiwi
Overview
After studying this lesson, you will able to :
state the meaning of Grammar
recognize the different types of pronouns
Use good grammar when speaking and
writing
Meaning of Grammar
Therules of grammar dene how to speak
and write clearly
Wrong Pronouns

Some writers have a tendency to want to

write I instead of me, even when the
letter is correct.
Example:
He gave the book to Eddie and I (false)
is incorrect :
He gave the book to Eddie and me (True)
Pronouns and Antecedents
The most common mistake concerning pronouns
and their antecedents occurs when it is unclear
to what or whom a pronoun refers.
example :
Brian Palay spoke with Robert Long about the
possibility of working
together. He thought it was a good idea. [Who
thought it was a good
idea? Brian? Robert?]
Subject and Verb Agreement

A word that is said to be singular in number refers

to only one person or thing, whereas a word that
is plural in number refers to more than one
person or thing.
Singular Plural
Checkchecks
this these
loan loans
client clients

Examples:
The check is here Singular
The checks are here Plural
Dangling Modifiers

When a phrase doesnt clearly refer to the

word it is modifying, it is said to be
dangling. The sentence
Preoccupied with the business negotiation,
her assistant surprised her
Because she was preoccupied with the
business negotiation, she was surprised by
her assistant.
SPLIT INFINITIVES
Infinitives
Infinitives are the two word forms of verbs such as
to read
to write
to illustrate

Split infinitives
when you split an infinitives you put something
(usually an adverb) between the two parts:
to dilligently read
to happily write
to scienctifically
Parallel Structure

When you write a sentence that consists of a list or

series of items, make sure they are written in the
same grammatical form. The use of parallel
structure makes your writing more consistent and
clearer to your reader.
PUNCTUATION

Punctuation is used in writing to distinguish or

separate one group of words from another to convey
some meaning to a reader. The use of punctuation
creates pauses and stresses where the writer feels
they are necessary.
use of punctuation
1. Use of Signs Point (.)
the use of a dot is a sign that is used at the end
of the sentence and the end of the stands with
the provisions and exceptions.
2. Use of Colon (:)
The use of a colon is a sign that is often used in a
text after the word that shows information.
3. Signs Dashes (/)
Slash is a sign or barrier used in writing a letter
and mailing address.
4. Use of Comma (,)
Use of commas is a symbol used as a symbol that
is used as a separator similar sentence.
5. Use of Contact (-)
Hyphen is used to connect a separate syllable.
CAPITALIZATION

Capitalization is another area that calls for

consistency. Obviously you should capitalize the
beginning of sentences. There are, however, many
quirks to the proper use of capitalization. When in
doubt, it is usually best to lowercase or to check a
reference such as a dictionary.
The use of capital letters :
1. The first letter Sentence
2. The first letter of a sentence directly
3. The first letter in the phrase relating to matters of
religion, scripture and God's name
4. The first letter honors, descent, religious and followed
by the person's name
5. The first letter of the name of positions and ranks
followed by the name
6. The first letter of the name
7. The first letter of the name of the tribe, nation, and
language
8. The first letter of the name of the day, month, year,
and historical events
9. The first letter are used as the first letter of the
name of the country, government agencies,
public administration.
10. The first letters are used as the first letters of
the title, rank and greetings.
11. The first letters letters are used as the first
letter of the name of geography.
12. The first letters are used as the first letter of the
word pointer kinship such as father, mother,
brother, and accost used in this reference.
13. The first letter are used as the first letter of your
pronoun
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spelling

Most word-processing software packages

feature a spellcheck function. If you
have any doubts about your spelling
ability, a spellcheck can be a saving grace.
It will highlight any misspelled words and
help you choose a correctly spelled
alternative.
(e.g., cat for can or lamb for lamp).
Jargon
Jargon is a curse to any writer who wants
to get a clear, precise message across to a
reader. Usually both of these types of
jargon should be avoided in letter writing.
for example: SCTV (satu untuk semua)
Clichess
Cliches are words or expressions that
become stale from overuse.
Avoid cliches by writing exactly what you
want to convey. Clarify your message by
deleting any cliches or trite expressions.
for example: "sudilah kiranya saudara"
harusnya "kami harap saudara untuk"
 The following pointers may be helpful in guiding
you away from the curse of wordiness. Remember
the following five avoids and you will be on your
way to writing in a clear, direct style:

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1. Avoid pretentiousness. Dont overcomplicate
your writing by trying to impress the reader with
your vocabulary or your great literary style.
Write simply, clearly, and directly.

2. Avoid redundancy. Dont use superfluous or

repetitious words. There is no need to repeat your
message over and over.
 3. Avoid padding. Be direct in your letter writing.
Strike out all unnecessary words or sentences. If
you write more than you have to your reader
might become impatient. Strive for clarity.

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4. Avoid weak intensifiers. Words like very,
quite, and completely usually add little or
nothing to the meaning of your sentences.

5. Avoid unnecessary definitions or explanations.

Explain only what absolutely needs to be
explained. Dont insult your reader by explaining
something he or she obviously would already
know.
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Thank You