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MODELING
OBJECTIVES
Describe the process used to build a mathematical physiological
model.
Explain the concept of a compartment.
Analyze a physiological system using compartmental analysis.
Solve a nonlinear compartmental model.
Qualitatively describe a saccadic eye movement.
Describe the saccadic eye movement system with a second-order
model.
Explain the importance of the pulse-step saccadic control signal.
Explain how a muscle operates using a nonlinear and linear muscle
model.
Simulate a saccade with a fourth-order saccadic eye movement
model. Estimate the parameters of a model using system
identification.
INTRODUCTION
Physiology the science of the functioning of
living organisms and of their component parts.
2 Types of physiological model:
A quantitative physiological model is a
mathematical representation that
approximates the behavior of an actual
physiological system.
A qualitative physiological model describes the
actual physiological system without the use of
mathematics.
Flow Chart for
physiological
modeling
Deterministic and Stochastic Models
A deterministic model is one that has an exact
solution that relates the independent variables of
the model to each other and to the dependent
variable. For a given set of initial conditions, a
deterministic model yields the same solution
each and every time.
A stochastic model involves random variables
that are functions of time and include
probabilistic considerations. For a given set of
initial conditions, a stochastic model yields a
different solution each and every time.
Solutions
A closed-form solution exists for models that
can be solved by analytic techniques such as
solving a differential equation using the
classical technique or by using Laplace
transforms.
example:
A numerical or simulation solution exists for
models that have no closed-form solution.
example:
COMPARTMENTAL MODELING
Compartmental modeling is analyzing systems of the
body characterized by a transfer of solute from one
compartment to another, such as the respiratory and
circulatory systems.
It is concerned with maintaining correct chemical
levels in the body and their correct fluid volumes.
Some readily identifiable compartments are:
Cell volume that is separated from the extracellular space
by the cell membrane
Interstitial volume that is separated from the plasma
volume by the capillary walls that contain the fluid that
bathes the cells
Plasma volume contained in the circulatory system that
consists of the fluid that bathes blood cells
Transfer of Substances Between Two
Compartments Separated by a Thin
Membrane
Ficks law of diffusion:
Where:
q = quantity of solute
A = membrane surface area
c = concentration
D = diffusion coefficient
dx = membrane thickness
Compartmental Modeling Basics
Compartmental modeling involves describing a system
with a finite number of compartments, each connected
with a flow of solute from one compartment to another.
Compartmental analysis predicts the concentrations of
solutes under consideration in each compartment as a
function of time using conservation of mass: accumulation
equals input minus output.
The following assumptions are made when describing the
transfer of a solute by diffusion between any two
compartments:
1. The volume of each compartment remains constant.
2. Any solute q entering a compartment is
instantaneously mixed throughout the entire compartment.
3. The rate of loss of a solute from a compartment is
proportional to the amount of solute in the compartment
times the transfer rate, K, given by Kq.
Multi-compartmental Models
Real models of the body involve many more
compartments such as cell volume, interstitial volume,
and plasma volume. Each of these volumes can be
further compartmentalized.
For the case of N compartments, there are N equations
of the general form